地表环境氮循环过程中微生物作用及同位素分馏研究综述

综述了氮循环过程中的微生物作用及其研究进展 ,阐述了生物固氮、微生物吸收同化、有机氮素矿化、硝化和反硝化的反应机理及反应过程中的同位素分馏 ,提出了微生物驱动氮循环的简要模型。微生物驱动的氮循环中不同过程有不同的同位素分馏特征 ,生物固氮、土壤有机氮矿化过程中分馏效应小 ,而吸收同化、硝化和反硝化过程中同位素分馏较大 ,利用各个过程不同的同位素分馏特征可示踪含氮物质的来源、转化和迁移等。     

宏基因组研究及其应用研究进展

传统的微生物培养方法损失了近乎99%的微生物资源,而宏基因组研究能够直接从环境中提取全部微生物基因组DNA,通过构建宏基因组文库并结合适当的筛选方法,得到目的基因及其表达蛋白,该研究能够最大限度地开发微生物的序列空间。文章简要概述了宏基因组研究的产生、原理及其在生态学方面的发展和对新基因资源的开发和利用。     

Ca2+在净水生物膜团聚体培养中的影响研究

通过在5组相同型号的SBBR反应器(A、B、C、D和E)内调节进水中的Ca2+含量,研究Ca2+在净水生物膜团聚体培养过程的作用影响.结果表明,进水Ca2+投加浓度为25 mg/L时驯化培养的生物膜团聚体具有较好的抗挤压能力,抗压强度达到了22 N/cm2,密度为1.059 g/cm3,活性微生物的百分含量达到了86.90%,远远高于一般污泥团聚体中的微生物含量.分析运行效果,反应器C和D的生物膜团聚体通过29 d的驯化培养就达到了一个比较好的净水效果,并能维持稳定状态,相比于一般生物膜反应器的驯化时间有所缩短.不同进水负荷条件下氮氮的去除率变化表明,反应器C和D针对不同进水负荷表现出来的适应效果明显优于其他反应器.     

滨海湿地生态修复研究进展

滨海湿地是地球上一类重要的生态系统,它为人类社会提供了众多的生态服务功能。受人类活动和气候变化的影响,大量滨海湿地退化甚至消失。针对滨海湿地生态系统面临的严峻问题,国内外学者开展了大量湿地生态修复方面的研究与实践工作。本文综述了基于微生物和植物的滨海湿地有机、无机污染生态修复研究进展,探讨了这些技术措施存在的问题与不足,并对滨海湿地生态修复技术的发展趋势做出了展望。     

A review on completing arsenic biogeochemical cycle：Microbial volatilization of arsines in environment

Arsenic （As） is ubiquitous in the environment in the carcinogenic inorganic forms, posing risks to human health in many parts of the world. Many microorganisms have evolved a series of mechanisms to cope with inorganic arsenic in their growth media such as transforming As compounds into volatile derivatives. Bio-volatilization of As has been suggested to play an important role in global As biogeochemical cycling, and can also be explored as a potential method for arsenic bioremediation. This review aims to provide an overview of the quality and quantity of As volatilization by fungi, bacteria, microalga and protozoans. Arsenic bio-volatilization is influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors that can be manipulated/elucidated for the purpose of As bioremediation. Since As bio- volatilization is a resurgent topic for both biogeochemistry and environmental health, our review serves as a concept paper for future research directions.     

小流域地下水流微生物空间差异分析

针对目前水文过程中微生物研究基本空白的现状,选择了珠海市近海小流域地下水作采样分析,运用不依赖培养(cultured-independent)的分子生物学分析技术,构建16S rRNA基因文库,研究小流域尺度下微生物的空间分布.实验数据表明,近海小流域地下水上、中、下3组井的微生物优势类群及其丰度既有相似的地方又有差别.相似的是3组井均以变形菌、Candidate divisionOPx、古菌(含泉古菌和广生古菌)、放线菌为优势类群,而且变形菌均占了很大比例,在R、M、D组井中分别为23.21%、36.21%、28.84%;不同的是R组井微生物优势类群还有拟杆菌和硝化螺旋菌;M组井另有真杆菌和酸杆菌,D组井中则以拟杆菌为优势类群.从原核微生物16SrRNA基因系统发育树可以看出,3组井的微生物主要类群大同而小异,各自的微生物多样性比较丰富,3组井的微生物优势类群变化佐证了微生物对地下水环境的生态系统功能有一定的指示作用.     

厌氧颗粒污泥中微生物种群变化的分子生物学解析

荧光定量-聚合酶链式反应(RTQ-PCR)与荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术对厌氧反应器内不同状态下颗粒污泥中微生物种群的数量变化与空间分布进行研究.结果发现,颗粒污泥中真细菌明显多于古细菌,但随着厌氧反应器有机负荷的提高,古细菌明显增加,其中产甲烷丝菌也明显增加;真细菌多分布生长在颗粒污泥的外层,而对环境条件敏感的古细菌多分布生长在内层,且随着反应器有机负荷的提高,这种层状分布的特点更为明显.     

常见农药降解微生物研究进展及展望

农药是一类重要的环境污染物,已经造成了严重的全球性环境污染,笔者综述了降解常见农药的微生物及其机理,并指出分子生物学技术将是治理农药污染的一个有效手段。      

一株降解苯酚微生物的研究

从污泥中分离出可在舍100mg/L苯酚的LIB培养基上生长的菌株,其中JF-2生长情况最好。通过逐级驯化,JF-2的降解苯酚能力明显提高,可在以苯酚为唯一碳源的培养基中降解苯酚并生长。在接种量为1％时,JF－2在24h内将300mg／L的苯酚完全降解。该菌的最适生长和降解温度为30℃,并能在pH5．5～9内降解苯酚。河水中的天然微生物降解苯酚的能力弱,需7天才可将200mg/L的苯酚完全降解。     

Biodegradation of waste refrigerator polyurethane by mealworms

● Waste refrigerator polyurethane (WRPU) was ingested and biodegraded by mealworms. ● The carbon in WRPU-based frass was lower than that in WRPU. ● Urethane groups in WRPU were broken down after ingestion by mealworms. ● Thermal stability of WRPU-based frass were deteriorated compared to that of WRPU. ● Gut microbiomes of mealworms fed using WRPU were distinct from that fed using bran. Refrigerator insulation replacement results in discarding a large amount of waste refrigerator polyurethane (WRPU). Insect larvae like mealworms have been used to biodegrade pristine plastics. However, knowledge about mealworms degrading WRPU is scarce. This study presents an in-depth investigation of the degradation of WRPU by mealworms using the micro-morphology, composition, and functional groups of WRPU and the egested frass characteristics. It was found that the WRPU debris in frass was scoured, implying that WRPU was ingested and degraded by mealworms. The carbon content of WRPU-based frass was lower than that of WRPU, indicating that mealworms utilized WRPU as a carbon source. The urethane groups in WRPU were broken, and benzene rings’ C=C and C–H bonds in the isocyanate disappeared after being ingested by mealworms. Thermal gravimetric-differential thermal gravimetry analysis showed that the weight loss temperature of WRPU-based frass was 300 °C lower than that of WRPU, indicating that the thermal stability of WRPU deteriorated after being ingested. The carbon balance analysis confirmed that carbon in the ingested WRPU released as CO₂ increased from 18.84 % to 29.80 %, suggesting that WRPU was partially mineralized. The carbon in the mealworm biomass ingesting WRPU decreased. The possible reason is that WRPU does not supply sufficient nutrients for mealworm growth, and the impurities and odor present in WRPU affect the appetite of the mealworms. The microbial community analysis indicated that WRPU exerts a considerable effect on the gut microorganism of mealworms. These findings confirm that mealworms degrade WRPU.