Methylmercury and total mercury in estuarine organisms from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Guanabara Bay (GB), located in the Rio de Janeiro State, is still a productive estuary on the south-eastern Brazilian coast. It is an ecosystem heavily impacted by organic matter, oil and a number of other toxic compounds, including Hg. The present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the aquatic total mercury (THg) and MeHg contamination, and the ratios of MeHg to THg (% MeHg), in 3 species of marine organisms, Micropogonias furnieri-carnivorous fish (N = 81), Mugil spp.--detritivorous fish (N = 20) and Perna perna--filter-feeding bivalves (N = 190), which are widely consumed by the population. A total of 291 specimens were collected at the bay in different periods between 1988 and 1998. THg concentrations were determined by cold vapour AAS with stannous chloride as a reducing agent. MeHg was extracted by dithizone-benzene and measured by GC-ECD. Analytical quality was checked through certified standards. All organisms presented both low THg and MeHg concentrations and they were below the maximum limit of 1,000 micrograms Hg.kg-1 wet wt. as established for human intake of predatory fish by the new Brazilian legislation. Carnivorous fish showed higher THg and MeHg concentrations, and also % MeHg in muscle tissues, than organisms with other feeding habits and lower trophic levels. The average of THg concentrations in carnivorous fish was 108.9 +/- 58.6 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. (N = 61) in 1990 and 199.5 +/- 116.2 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. (N = 20) in 1998, but they presented different total length and body weights. The average THg content in detritivorous fish was 15.4 +/- 5.8 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt., whereas THg concentrations ranged from 4.1 to 53.5 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. for the molluscs. The THg and MeHg contents of mussel varied according to the sampling point and water quality. MeHg concentration in detritivorous fish was similar to MeHg concentration in molluscs, but there was a significant difference in the MeHg/THg ratio: the carnivorous fish presented higher MeHg percentages (98%) than the detritivorous fish (54%) and the molluscs (33%). Weight-normalised average concentration of THg in carnivorous fish collected in 1990 (0.18 +/- 0.08 microgram.g-1/0.7 kg wet wt.) and in 1998 (0.16 +/- 0.09 microgram.g-1/0.7 kg wet wt.) presented no significant difference (t = 1.34; P < 0.5). In conclusion, the low THg and MeHg concentrations in the organisms from the GB ecosystem, are related to its eutrophic conditions and elevated amounts of suspended matter. In this situation, Hg could be strongly complexed or adsorbed by the particulate, which would dilute the Hg inputs and reduce its residence time in the water column, with a consequent decrease in its availability to organisms.     

清洁生产在低碳经济中的战略地位与实践探析

以低碳经济提出的大环境为背景,阐述了低碳经济的内涵与发展,重点分析了清洁生产在低碳经济中的不可替代的作用和地位,并以丹东某硼化工企业为成功案例,论述了企业在实际生产过程中运用清洁生产理念发展低碳经济的经验,旨在为企业发展低碳经济提供思路与借鉴。     

南太湖入湖口2008～2009浮游植物及营养现状评价

对2008年9月～2009年8月南太湖入湖口浮游植物进行调查,结果显示,南太湖入湖口6个点位浮游植物共有8门93种,其中中营养化和富营养化藻种占45%左右。典型的富营养化水体指示藻类微囊藻和隐藻在1#～6#点位均为优势种。基于Shannon-Veaner指数和Pielou指数并结合同期水质类别结果判定：1#～6#为无污染。     

2008年黑龙江省环境状况及发展趋势分析

黑龙江省生态环境状况良好,野生动植物栖息和生长的环境逐步改善。主要污染物化学需氧量和二氧化硫排放量继续呈下降趋势。城市空气质量良好,处于全国中上游水平,城市噪声污染较轻。松花江水质稳中趋好,为轻度污染,部分支流水质明显改善,出境水质达标的频率大幅增加。     

农村环境污染问题的思考

随着中国经济的增长,环境污染和生态破坏日益严重。而农村普遍存在严重的环境污染问题,且环境保护重视不够,致使农村环境日趋恶化。本文综合分析了农村环境污染的基本状况,并提出了保护农村环境的一些对策和建议。     

潜流人工湿地系统停留时间分布与N、P浓度空间变化

通过人工湿地小试装置,研究了风车草和香蒲水平潜流人工湿地处理富营养化养殖水体过程中水力停留时间分布（RTD）特征和系统内N、P浓度空间变化规律.结果表明,供试的香蒲潜流湿地和风车草潜流湿地系统RTD曲线特征值σ²分别为0.324 6和0.410 8,表明水流流态介于推流与混合流之间,风车草潜流湿地系统RTD曲线较香蒲潜流湿地平滑,水流混合流动程度较弱. 2种植物类型湿地床体总氮（TN）和氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）浓度在垂直方向上的分层现象明显,尤其在湿地床体前端;TN浓度随着取样点深度增加而上升,而NH⁺₄-N浓度则以中层取样点为最低;对于总磷（TP）和正磷酸盐（PO^3-₄-P）浓度, 2种植物类型湿地系统内均表现为随取样点深度增加而上升,但这种差异随沿程而降低. 与香蒲湿地相比较,风车草潜流湿地系统N、P浓度分层现象更为明显.风车草湿地系统后端各层取样点TN和TP平均浓度较香蒲湿地系统分别下降了19.8%和12.3%,说明风车草潜流湿地系统对富营养化养殖水体中氮、磷的去除效果优于香蒲湿地.     

湖北省自然保护区建设现状及空缺分析

建立自然保护区是保护生物多样性以及重要自然与文化遗产的主要措施,是保护生态环境和自然资源的基本方式,具有重大的经济、生态、文化、科学以及美学和娱乐价值。根据实地调查和资料汇总,截至2007年12月,湖北省共建立自然保护区58个,总面积108.01万hm2,占湖北省国土面积的5.79%。文章在分析已建自然保护区基础上,研究了自然保护区类型、物种多样性、区域体系布局等方面存在的空缺,提出了调整现有自然保护区(主要方式为合并、升级、扩区)和新建自然保护区(小区、点)的建议,包括合并堵河源和十八里长峡自然保护区、麋鹿自然保护区的扩区,新建三峡库区湿地自然保护区、火烧坪草地生态系统自然保护区等一批自然保护区的规划建议,为湖北省自然保护区管理和规划提供依据。     

沉箱结构体对水体原生动物种群的影响研究

针对天津外环河富营养化现状,采用微宇宙结构控制试验技术与正交试验分析方法,研究沉箱微宇宙控制因素对原生动物数量和种类的影响,共观测到各类原生动物9种,其中鞭毛纲3种,纤毛纲4种,肉足纲2种。夏季的优势种群为纤毛纲+肉足纲+鞭毛纲,而秋季的优势种群为鞭毛纲,原生动物种群的此类变化说明了这种结构控制体对夏秋季原生动物的影响有着显著的自然调控作用。结果表明最佳沉箱微宇宙结构体的控制条件是箱体为陶粒箱,基质为页岩,植物为金钱蒲+雨久花的结构组合;同时箱体材料、基质种类和植物配置在夏秋两季对原生动物数量的影响均为极显著。     

深圳市坪山河水污染现状分析及评价

坪山河是深圳的主要河流之一。通过对坪山河在深圳河段的水源现状分析及未来预测,初步探讨坪山河的治理措施。     

宜昌市工业企业循环经济发展现状及对策

针对宜昌市工业企业循环经济的发展和环境保护现状,分析了工业企业推进循环经济过程中存在的主要问题,并从加强和完善内驱动力、激励机制、政策法规、宣传教育等方面提出了加强循环经济建设和环境保护的对策。