2004—2008年辽东湾水质污染特征分析

根据2004—2008年5年对辽东湾各海域的监测数据,阐述了该海域水体营养盐和重金属的空间、季节分布特征规律,并对辽东湾海域的综合水质现状,海域营养结构及营养水平进行了评价.结果表明:基于Ⅰ类海水标准,辽东湾的主要污染指标为无机氮(DIN),局部海域出现活性磷酸盐(DIP)、铜、铅超标现象. 营养盐和重金属的空间分布趋势均为北部海域污染最重,东部海域污染最轻,污染主要集中在锦州、盘锦、营口海域,且这3个海域处于富营养化状态,随时可诱发赤潮. 营养盐质量浓度的季节变化趋势为平水期>丰水期>枯水期.      

曝气复氧对滇池重污染支流底泥污染物迁移转化的影响

利用模拟试验方法,研究和探讨了河道曝气复氧对滇池重污染支流底泥污染物迁移转化的影响,结果表明:(1)曝气复氧会导致上覆水体pH值上升0.6～1.0;(2)曝气复氧对上覆水体中TN、TP的质量浓度影响相似,在好氧处理条件下呈下降趋势,而在不曝气的对照处理中呈持续上升趋势,两种状况上覆水体TN、TP的平均变化速率分别为:-0.156 mg·L-1·d-1、-0.060mg·L-1·d-1和0.414mg·L-1·d-1、0.036mg·L-1·d-1;(3)上覆水体中COD的质量浓度在好氧和对照两种处珲条件下,表现出两种不同的变化趋势,前者先上升后下降,而后者先下降后上升,平均变化速率分别为-0.361 mg·L-1·d-1和0.314 mg·L-1·d-1;(4)曝气复氧可抑制河道底泥向上覆水释放污染物质,适合于重污染河道水体修复.     

TROPICAL EUTROPHIC LAKE MODELING AND PARAMETER DISCRIMINATION1

ABSTRACT: Water quality data collected between 1978 and 1981 in a highly lake in Northern Venezuela, Lake Valencia, were analyzed to detect spatial and temporal trends. Based on the results of the analyses, an appropriate nutrient-algae dynamics model was formulated. Because many parameters, such as the algae concentration were constant over time, and the model is time dependent, the model had to be calibrated with the use of a large and structured trial-and-error calibration process. Through the calibration process, the most sensitive parameters of the model were identified, and are in order of importance: the chlorophyll-to-nitrogen ratio for algae, the algae settling velocity, the phosphorus release rate from the sediments, the chlorophyll-to-phosphorus ratio for algae, and the exchange coefficient in the upper layer of the lake. Model simulations showed that a reduction in the nitrogen load to the lake as well as a reduction in the phosphorus load will decrease the algae population. These model simulations had a high degree of uncertainty associated with them, making additional sampling directed towards the measurement of the sensitive parameters desirable.     

COVERING BOTTOM SEDIMENTS AS A LAKE RESTORATION TECHNIQUE1

ABSTRACT: Sediment covering to control macrophytes and sediment nutrient release is reviewed. It is concluded that fly ash application to control sediment phosphorus release presents more dangers to the lake than benefits and should not be used. Polyethylene sheeting has not had long term effectiveness due to macrophyte regrowth on its surface. PVC-coated fiberglass screen is expensive but nontoxic and appears to give long term macrophyte control. Similar results may be obtained with spun-bonded polypropylene. Sand, clay, and sheeting to retard nutrient release have received insufficient attention.     

A STATISTICAL MODEL FOR SMALL LAKE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Phosphorus loading tolerances of small lakes are analyzed by means of a statistical model of lake eutrophication based upon the work of Vollenweider and Dillon. Using a sample of 195 midwestern and eastern U. S. lakes, it was found that Vollenweider and Dillon's method of predicting the trophic status of relatively deep, slow-flushing lakes can be applied to shallower lakes with much shorter retention times. The statistical model used to replicate the results of Vollenweider and Dillon is stated in detail, for convenience of application to small lake water quality management problems. The model extends the Vollenweider and Dillon results by associating each alternative phosphorous loading with a probability that a given lake can achieve or maintain noneutrophis status. It is applicable to lakes for which only minimal data are available. The major policy conclusion is that the highly variable tolerance for phosphorus loading must be considered in legislating efficient effluent limitations. The paper concludes with a comparison to a recent contribution employing a similar approach.     

Estimating Relevance of Organic Carbon,Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Loads to a Blackwater River Estuary1

Abstract: In blackwater river estuaries, a large portion of external carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus load are combined in complex organic molecules of varying recalcitrance. Determining their lability is essential to establishing the relationship between anthropogenic loads and eutrophication. A method is proposed in which organic C, N, and P are partitioned into labile and refractory forms, based upon first‐order decay estimated by biochemical oxygen demand relative to total organic carbon, and C:N and C:P ratios as a function of organic carbon lability. The technique was applied in developing total maximum daily loads for the lower St. Johns, a blackwater Atlantic coastal plain river estuary in Northeast Florida. Point source organic nutrients were determined to be largely labile. Urban runoff was found to have the highest relative labile organic N and P content, followed by agricultural runoff. Natural forest and silviculture runoff were high in refractory organic N and P. Upstream labile C, N, and P loads were controlled by autochthonous production, with 34‐50% of summer total labile carbon imported as algal biomass. Differentiation of labile and refractory organic forms suggests that while anthropogenic nutrient enrichment has tripled the total nitrogen load, it has resulted in a 6.7‐fold increase in total labile nitrogen load.     

几种湿地植物对景观水体富营养化治理研究

研究了唐山南湖人工湿地中芦苇、酸模、石龙芮、车前草四种优势植物的生物量和污水净化效果,分析了根系和地上部分生物量与污水净化效果之间的关系,结果如下：不同湿地植物生物量变化比较大（1.38-5.212g/株）,地上部分植株氮、磷吸收量变化范围分别是3.48-4.37和2.27-3.36 mg/g,地下部分植株中氮、磷变化范围分别是2.77-3.06和2.14-2.88 mg/g。芦苇、车前草、石龙芮地上部分与地下部分植株中氮磷含量的比值大于1,说明这三种湿地植物地上部分积累的氮、磷比较高。湿地植物对氮、磷的吸收量与其生物量有关。酸模和芦苇有比较大的生物量,对氮、磷的吸收影响比较大。     

河流沉积物中反硝化细菌的分离及脱氮除磷研究

采用常规细菌分离方法,从河流沉积物中筛选出20株具有反硝化作用的细菌菌株,研究了其反硝化强度,对反硝化强度最大的菌株进行了鉴定,并进一步研究了其不同浓度下脱氮除磷的性能.结果表明,筛选的菌株均具有一定的脱氮能力,但不同菌株的脱氮能力不同,反硝化强度在50%以上的有10株,其中F10菌株的脱氮能力最强为63.2%,通过形态学、革兰氏染色结合16S rDNA序列同源性分析鉴定,其鉴定结果为粪产碱杆菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）;不同浓度的F10净化生活污水,其中100　mg/Ｌ的处理效果最好,在第10d时,总氮、总磷的去除率最大,分别为76.2%、93.8%.     

浅谈河套灌区农田氮磷流失量及对乌梁素海输入量的估算

内蒙古的乌梁素海近年来出现了严重的富营养化现象,入湖的营养源主要有工业污染源、农业面源、城市生活废水.由于该湖主要水源为农田退水,而且城市生活废水和工业污染源都是经过河套灌区的总排水渠流入乌梁素海,本文通过调查河套灌区农田氮磷的流失量及估算向乌梁素海的输入量,确定各污染源的入湖量,特别是农田面源的入湖量对乌梁素海的富营养化防治是非常重要的.     

滇池近20a富营养化变化趋势及原因分析

根据1988～2007年滇池水质监测数据,评价了近20a来滇池水体主要富营养化指标的变化趋势,结果表明滇池水体的富营养化程度有逐年加重趋势。根据其时空分布规律分析了滇池水体的富营养化程度及变化趋势。认为昆明市虽然在治理滇池方面作了大量工作,但滇池水体富营养化的问题仍然很突出。