GM(1,1)灰色模型在真空预压沉降预测中的应用

土体固结度是真空预压法加固土体效果的一个重要评价指标,地基最大沉降量的计算是确定土体固结度的关键。本文结合工程实例,分析了GM(1,1)灰色模型在真空预压沉降预测中的可行性,根据部分实测数据计算了地基最大沉降量及土体固结度,并与常用的三点法和双曲线法计算结果进行对比,结果表明GM(1,1)灰色模型的预测结果更符合工程实际。该研究对真空预压施工具有一定的指导意义。     

模糊评判在岩质边坡稳定性评价中的应用

在工程实践中,影响岩质边坡稳定性的因素众多,不同因素的影响程度不相同,具有不确定性,因此选择合适的方法对岩质边坡稳定性进行评价尤为关键。本文采用模糊综合评判方法对岩质边坡进行稳定性评价,首先阐明了如何建立模糊评判体系以及权重和隶属度的确定方法,然后以某岩质边坡为实例,采用模糊评判方法对其稳定性进行了评价,结果表明模糊评判的结果与实际情况较为吻合,说明该方法真实、有效,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

京杭大运河苏州高新区段水质污染状况研究

以2005—2010年京杭大运河苏州高新区段水质监测数据为基础,运用内梅罗综合污染指数法以及采取方差分析对京杭大运河苏州高新区段水质的主要污染因子及其变化趋势进行了研究,并对京杭大运河水质污染状况进行了综合评价。结果表明:京杭大运河苏州高新区段主要污染物为氨氮、总磷;氨氮浓度在2006—2010年间虽有明显下降,但仍超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)IV类水质要求,为劣V类水,总磷亦有明显下降,但在2008—2010年3年间其浓度略有波动,在IV类和V类水质之间浮动;2005—2008年间其水质处于污染状态,2009—2010年水质较好,为轻污染。该研究结果可为苏州高新区河流水环境治理提供科学依据。     

废弃产品回收处理企业环境绩效评价初探

近年来,废弃产品回收处理行业日益受到政府和社会各界的关注,而回收处理企业是实施回收处理活动的主体,相关法律、法规的出台对回收处理企业提出了更高的要求。本文在概括梳理相关法律、法规的基础上,初步建立了废弃产品回收处理企业环境绩效评价指标体系,为回收处理企业采用先进的技术工艺、降低环境负荷、加强职业健康监护和企业环境管理提供参考,以适应国家政策要求和行业发展的需要。     

铜陵相思谷尾矿用于处理酸性矿山排水的实验研究

铜陵相思谷尾矿是夕卡岩型矿床尾矿的典型代表,以富含碳酸盐为特征.为了考察该尾矿砂在AMD淋滤作用下重金属的迁移行为及用于处理AMD的有效性,研究在自行设计的动态实验柱中填充尾矿砂,在保持进水理化性质不变的条件下对其进行80 d的连续淋滤实验,实验过程中定期检测出水的成分,实验结束后对尾矿砂中元素赋存特征进行分析.结果表明,实验过程中出水pH值始终维持在7.5以上;Cu、Zn、Fe离子浓度分别保持在0.1、0.4、1 mg.L-1以下;尾矿砂的渗透系数逐渐降低,由初始的0.23 cm.s-1降至实验结束时的0.10 cm.s-1;固体中元素赋存形态分析结果表明,进水Cu2+、Zn2+主要通过2种作用被固定:Fe氢氧化物的吸持和自身沉淀(形成碳酸盐).研究发现铜陵相思谷尾矿具有较强的酸中和潜力,在中和过程中不仅不会产生重金属离子的淋滤迁移,相反会对其产生沉淀和吸附,因此,可以考虑将该尾矿作为AMD处理的有用材料进行废物利用.     

不同粒径地表街尘中重金属在径流冲刷中的迁移转化

在我国快速城市化进程中,街尘及其径流冲刷引起的重金属污染日显突出.通过对北京市城乡道路街尘及其人工降雨模拟径流冲刷过程中不同粒径街尘中重金属的分析,探讨街尘与径流冲刷过程中的粒径效应及不同重金属赋存形态的动态变化规律.结果表明,同一粒径颗粒物从"静态"街尘到"动态"径流中的颗粒物,重金属浓度呈下降趋势.街尘中重金属在径流冲刷过程中,存在溶解与解析现象,颗粒物粒径越小,减少比率越大,5种重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)的减少比率分别为24.3%、56.8%、34.3%、22.8%、27.3%.街尘中的弱酸可提取态比例要略大于径流颗粒物中弱酸可提取态比例,部分以水溶态进入水体中.在径流冲刷过程中,水相溶解态重金属变化不大,水相颗粒态重金属含量随降雨时间径流过程迅速降低.固相颗粒物的重金属浓度随降雨时间总体上呈下降趋势.粒径越小,冲刷率越大,最大为62.1%,最小为4.6%.地表街尘在径流冲刷过程中,小粒径颗粒物具有较强的迁移能力,较容易进入水体造成污染.     

The theory of planned behavior as mediator of the effect of parental supervision: a study of intentions to violate driving rules in a representative sample of adolescents

INTRODUCTION: The study reported here was designed to test the ability of the theory of planned behavior to mediate the effect of parental supervision on adolescents' intentions to violate driving rules. METHOD: A representative sample of 1,654 adolescents completed questionnaires during individual and anonymous interviews carried out at their schools. RESULTS: Results showed that age, gender, prior risky driving-behavior, and parental supervision significantly predict intentions to violate driving rules. Attitude and the subjective norm partially mediate the effect of age, prior behavior, and parental supervision. Perceived behavioral control does not predict intention and is not predicted by other variables. IMPACT: The results suggest that social cognitive variables partially mediate the effect of parenting practices such as supervision.     

基于人体皮肤热模型的热防护服评价方法研究

在热防护服热防护性能测试装置基础上,用自行研制的新型耐高温模拟皮肤传感器代替铜片热流计测量通过应急热防护服装面料的热流量,将热流量作为热波皮肤模型边界条件,得到人体皮肤表层下80μm处的温度值,从而得到一定条件下人体真实皮肤达到二级烧伤所需时间,用其评价热防护服用织物的热防护性能,并将热波皮肤模型(TWMBT)的测试值与Pennes模型以及铜片热流计的测试结果进行分析比较。采用热波皮肤模型分析织物层下的"皮肤"防热时间更接近实际皮肤达到二级烧伤时间值,可较为精确的量化织物热防护性能,为应急救援热防护服装的热设计提供理论依据。     

A review of myrmecophily in ant nest beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae): linking early observations with recent findings

Myrmecophily provides various examples of how social structures can be overcome to exploit vast and well-protected resources. Ant nest beetles (Paussinae) are particularly well suited for ecological and evolutionary considerations in the context of association with ants because life habits within the subfamily range from free-living and predatory in basal taxa to obligatory myrmecophily in derived Paussini. Adult Paussini are accepted in the ant society, although parasitising the colony by preying on ant brood. Host species mainly belong to the ant families Myrmicinae and Formicinae, but at least several paussine genera are not host-specific. Morphological adaptations, such as special glands and associated tufts of hair (trichomes), characterise Paussini as typical myrmecophiles and lead to two different strategical types of body shape: while certain Paussini rely on the protective type with less exposed extremities, other genera access ant colonies using glandular secretions and trichomes (symphile type). We compare these adaptations with other taxonomic groups of insects by joining contemporary research and early sources and discuss the possibility of an attracting or appeasing effect of the secretion. Species that are ignored by their host ants might use chemical mimicry instead. Furthermore, vibrational signals may contribute to ant–beetle communication, and chemical signals have proven to play a role in host finding. The powerful defense chemistry of paussines as “bombardier beetles” is not used in contact with host ants. We attempt to trace the evolution of myrmecophily in paussines by reviewing important aspects of the association between paussine beetles and ants, i.e. morphological and potential chemical adaptations, life cycle, host specificity, alimentation, parasitism and sound production.

Establishment of facultative sexuals

The existence of sex is one of the major unsolved problems in biology. We use computer simulations to model conditions in which sex may first become established. We develop an individual-based population model and show that a hypothetical facultative sex gene can fix, provided that the initial cost is low. It is demonstrated that the equilibrium fitness in the population increases with increasing population size and decreasing mutation rate. The probability of the establishment of the sex gene is found not to be directly related to the fitness difference between the asexual and sexual populations. This change in fitness on changing the parameters of the model is investigated.