Process analysis of an industrial waste-to-energy plant: Theory and experiments

Thermal conversion is fundamental in an integrated waste management system due to the capability of reducing mass and volume of waste and recovering energy content from unrecyclable materials. Indeed, power generation from industrial solid wastes (ISW) is a topic of great interest for its appeal in the field of renewable energy production as well as for an increasing public concern related to its emissions. This paper is based on the process engineering and optimization analysis, commissioned to the University Campus-Biomedico of Rome by the MIDA Tecnologie Ambientali S.r.l. enterprise, ended up in the construction of an ISW thermo-conversion plant in Crotone (Southern Italy), where it is nowadays operating. The scientific approach to the process analysis is founded on a novel cascade numerical simulation of each plant section and it has been used initially in the process design step and after to simulate the performances of the industrial plant. In this paper, the plant process scheme is described together with the values of main operating parameters monitored during the experimental test runs. The thermodynamic and kinetic basics of the mathematical model for the simulation of the energy recovery and flue gas treatment sections are presented. Moreover, the simulation results, together with the implemented parameters, are given and compared to the experimental data for 10 specific plant test runs. It was found that the model is capable to predict the process performances in the energy production as well as in the gas treatment sections with high accuracy by knowing a set of measurable input variables. In the paper fundamental plant variables have been considered such as steam temperature, steam flow rate, power generated as well as temperature, flow rate and composition of the resulting flue gas; therefore, the mathematical model can be simply implemented as a reliable and efficient tool for management optimization of this kind of plants.     

Linking China’s emissions trading pilot schemes

All seven emissions trading pilots in China operate independently. One challenge facing most of them is the low inclusion thresholds for enterprises and the few total covered emissions, which negatively influences the effects of the emissions trading systems (ETSs). Some pilot sites, such as Guangdong, Hubei, Tianjin and Beijing, have indicated their willingness to link their schemes with others. ETS linking could expand scheme coverages and therefore help to reduce the overall costs of achieving the linked schemes’ emissions control targets. Linking could also help to address the issues of carbon leakage and reduce price fluctuations. The potential benefits and feasibility of linking different pilot systems are analyzed in this article. The seven pilot regions are at different stages of social and economic development, with significant differences in total emissions and emissions structures as well as carbon abatement potentials and costs. Through linking, more-developed regions such as Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, which are typically considered to face higher mitigation costs, will have the opportunity to achieve their emissions control targets by purchasing carbon units from less-developed regions, which will earn financial revenues from selling the units. To realize this win-win result, a series of policy and technical barriers at both the central government and pilot government levels needs to be overcome. Establishing a unified national emissions trading market would appear to be the ideal solution to these challenges, but it will take considerable time and will not be the short-term solution. In the absence of a unified national scheme, it is recommended that the central government encourage pilot schemes to link, that it develops corresponding national policies to support the linking efforts and that the pilot schemes that are intended to be linked coordinate on certain design elements. Based on the coordinating need, the major elements of an ETS can be divided into four categories: elements that need mutual recognition (cap setting and allowance allocation methods); elements that should be completely identical (compliance mechanisms, price containment measures, banking and borrowing rules, and offset mechanisms); technical elements that are preferably identical and easy to coordinate (MRV standards, technical registry standards); and elements that require no coordination (coverages and scopes).     

多情景视角下中国能源消费和碳达峰路径

准确预测能源消费及碳排放量对于科学有序落实我国"2030年前碳达峰,2060年前碳中和"目标有重要现实意义.提出了一种融合位置扰动和模拟退火的改进粒子群算法（IPSO）优化基于两层"分解-集成"策略的预测方法：首先利用趋势分解（TD）将原始能源消费时序分解成趋势项和非趋势项,继而使用经验模态分解（EMD）将非趋势项分解成若干本征模态函数（IMFs）和一个残差项,然后对上述趋势项、IMFs和残差项分别建模预测,利用IPSO优化多元线性回归模型（MLR）预测趋势项,采用长短期记忆神经网络（LSTM）预测非趋势项的本征模态函数IMFs和残差子序列,最后通过相加集成求取最终能源消费预测值.实证分析表明,基于TD-EMD两层"分解-集成"策略的IPSO-MLR-LSTM模型融合了TD、EMD、IPSO和LSTM的优点,更全面地捕捉了趋势项和非趋势项演化规律,提升了预测性能,将其应用于能源消费领域是可行且有效的.最后,预测了在不同能源消费结构、经济增长、人口数量、能源效率和人均生活能源消费水平情景下的我国2021~2035年能源消费和碳排放量,并给出相关政策建议.     

河北省2013~2020年大气污染治理进程中的减污降碳协同效益

当前,我国面临着大气污染治理与碳减排的双重挑战,"减污降碳"成为了社会经济绿色转型的重要抓手.大气污染物和CO₂排放清单是"减污降碳"工作的基础支撑,但已有研究存在着物种覆盖不全、源类体系不一、时间范围较窄等问题.基于统一的源分类体系与源排放表征技术,建立了河北省2013~2020年排放清单,据此分析了排放的总量趋势、结构演变、变化驱动、协同效益和区域分布.研究期内,河北省取得了社会经济发展与人为源排放控制的双赢,SO₂排放在"大气十条"期间下降速度较快,VOCs和NH₃排放在"蓝天保卫战"期间减排效果更好,NO_x和PM_2.5排放的下降速度相对稳定,CO₂排放略有上升.燃煤治理有效削减了大气污染物和CO₂排放,重点行业超低排放改造降低了SO₂、NO_x和PM_2.5排放,但VOCs治理力度有待提升.电力源和民用源实现了大气污染物与CO₂的协同减排,散煤治理从源头优化了能源结构,使得民用源具有更高的减排协同度.河北省"减污降碳"的重点区域为石家庄、唐山、邯郸、保定和廊坊.研究提出的方法与结论可为区域"减污降碳"工作提供技术借鉴与决策参考.     

Mercury transportation in soil via using gypsum from flue gas desulfurization unit in coal-fired power plant

The mercury flux in soils was investigated, which were amended by gypsums from flue gas desulphurization (FGD) units of coal- fired power plants. Studies have been carried out in confined greenhouses using FGD gypsum treated soils. Major research focus is uptakes of mercury by plants, and emission of mercury into the atmosphere under varying application rates of FGD gypsum, simulating rainfall irrigations, soils, and plants types. Higher FGD gypsum application rates generally led to higher mercury concentrations in the soils, the increased mercury emissions into the atmosphere, and the increased mercury contents in plants (especially in roots and leaves). Soil properties and plant species can play important roles in mercury transports. Some plants, such as tall fescue, were able to prevent mercury from atmospheric emission and infiltration in the soil. Mercury concentration in the stem of plants was found to be increased and then leveled off upon increasing FGD gypsum application. However, mercury in roots and leaves was generally increased upon increasing FGD gypsum application rates. Some mercury was likely absorbed by leaves of plants from emitted mercury in the atmosphere.     

县域尺度下长株潭地区城市化与碳排放的关系

基于碳代谢模型核算了1995~2020年长株潭县域碳排放,采用Tapio脱钩模型探讨了长株潭各县域碳排放与城市用地之间的脱钩关系,并用时空地理加权回归（GTWR）模型分析了城市空间形态对碳排放的影响机制.结果表明：①研究区县域碳排放总体上形成了以市辖区为中心的聚集分布,且呈逐年扩散趋势.2020年相比1995年新增7个高碳排放区,均为长沙市区县.②1995~2020年,研究区整体由以强脱钩为主转变为以扩张负脱钩为主,空间上脱钩状态在脱钩和负脱钩之间来回波动;除7个县域脱钩状态在倒退外,2020年其余均达到脱钩状态或向脱钩状态靠近.③城市斑块面积（CA）、城市斑块数量（NP）和斑块结合度（COHESION）与城市碳排放之间呈正相关效应,而景观形状指数（LSI）、最大斑块指数（LPI）和欧氏距离均值（ENN_MN）与城市碳排放则呈负相关效应,不同城市形态指标对碳排放的影响具有显著空间异质性.     

京津冀地区典型印刷企业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

本研究在京津冀地区选取23家典型印刷企业进行调研,并对其中具备采样条件的企业通过气袋采样-GC-MSD/FID采集及分析系统,获得48组分析结果,定量分析了京津冀地区印刷企业VOCs的排放特征,并估算其臭氧生成潜势.结果表明,各企业排气筒有组织排放的VOCs(以非甲烷总烃表征)浓度差异很大,包装印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为29. 9～755. 0 mg·m~(-3),出版物印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为3. 3～99. 0 mg·m~(-3);各企业车间印刷工位中,包装印刷企业VOCs排放浓度在129. 7～958. 4 mg·m~(-3)之间,出版物印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为19. 1～113. 7 mg·m~(-3);包装印刷企业排放的VOCs浓度普遍高于出版物印刷企业,这与其使用溶剂型油墨有关. VOCs组分构成方面,包装印刷和出版物印刷企业印刷工位排放的VOCs中,含氧VOCs均为首要VOCs种类,占比在32. 6%～99. 4%之间,其次是烷烃.臭氧生成潜势方面,印刷企业臭氧生成潜势(OFP值)平均值为505. 5 mg·m~(-3),其中包装印刷企业为564. 1 mg·m~(-3),出版物印刷企业为52. 9 mg·m~(-3);臭氧生成系数(SR值)平均值为1. 24 g·g-1,其中包装印刷企业为1. 70 g·g-1、出版物印刷企业为0. 89 g·g-1.从OFP值和SR值可以看出,包装印刷企业应作为未来京津冀地区印刷行业VOCs管控的重点.     

Research on ammonia emissions characteristics from light-duty gasoline vehicles

In this study, ammonia emissions characteristics of typical light-duty gasoline vehicles were obtained through laboratory vehicle bench test and combined with New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) condition and Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) condition. The influence of ambient temperature on ammonia emissions is mainly concentrated in the cold start stage. The influence of ambient temperature on ammonia emission is shown that the ammonia emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles under ambient temperature conditions (14 and 23°C) are lower than those under low ambient temperature conditions (?7°C) and high ambient temperature conditions (35 and 40°C). The influence of TWC on ammonia emission is shown that ammonia is a by-product of the catalytic reduction reaction of conventional gas pollutants in the exhaust gas in the TWC. Under NEDC operating conditions and WLTC operating conditions, ammonia emissions after the catalyst are 45 times and 72 times that before the catalyst, respectively. In terms of ammonia emissions control strategy research, Pd/Rh combination can reduce NH₃ formation more effectively than catalyst with a single Pd formula. Precise control of the engine's air-fuel ratio and combination with the optimized matched precious metal ratio TWC can effectively reduce ammonia emissions.     

六类餐饮源排放PM2.5化学成分谱

大气颗粒物源成分谱可以表征源排放颗粒物的理化特征,为受体模型开展来源解析研究提供基础数据.餐饮油烟排放是室内外环境大气污染的来源之一,当前餐饮源排放PM_2.5的化学成分谱仍然缺乏.该研究分别在成都市、武汉市和天津市采集了29组6种餐饮源（居民烹饪、火锅店、烧烤店、职工食堂、中餐馆、商场综合餐饮）排放的PM_2.5样品,分析无机元素、离子、碳、多环芳烃（PAHs）等化学组分,并构建了餐饮源排放颗粒物化学成分谱.结果表明:①餐饮源排放PM_2.5化学成分中的主要组分为OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）、Ca、Al、Fe、NH₄+、SO₄2-、NO₃-、Na+、K+、Mg2+和Cl-,其中w（OC）最高,为41.67%~57.91%.②餐饮源排放PM_2.5的PAHs中,3环和4环占比较高,其中芴（Flu）、菲（Phe）、荧蒽（Fla）、芘（Pyr）的质量分数相对其他物质较高.研究显示:餐饮源排放PM_2.5中OC/EC约为15.99~67.61,在一定程度上可以用来表征餐饮源排放;Fla/（Fla+Pyr）和InP/（InP+BghiP）多集中在0.45~0.55之间,或可作为标识餐饮源的特征比值.      

中国居民消费碳排放影响因素的时空异质性

研究我国居民消费间接碳排放的阶段性和区域性特征,对于制定社会经济新常态发展下的碳减排策略具有重要的现实意义.利用投入产出法和结构分解分析法,核算了2002~2017年中国居民消费间接碳排放水平,量化了影响因素对间接碳排放的贡献;利用地理加权回归模型定量描述了省域间接碳排放的时空分异特征.结果显示:2002~2017年中国居民消费间接碳排放呈现先增长后下降的趋势,“食品”类和“居住”类消费是其主要来源,占比42%~48%.新常态下,“直接碳排放强度”、“生产技术”和“消费倾向”因素的抑制作用显著加强,大大抵消了“收入规模”、“人口”及“消费结构”因素对碳排放的促进作用,促使碳排放降低了145MtC.省域间接碳排放从东至西呈现递减的分布特征,表现出一定的集聚性.碳排放的影响因素具有空间异质性,“生产技术”与碳排放呈现负相关关系,其他因素呈现正相关关系.其中,“人口”、“收入规模”及“直接碳排放强度”对碳排放的影响程度较为突出.