Accounting for Cadmium: Tracking Emissions of Cadmium From the Global Economy

This paper examines the flow of cadmium through the global economy, with the aim of quantifying emissions of cadmium into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activities. First, a materials balance methodology is presented as the most appropriate means of assessing cadmium emissions from a wide range of anthropogenic sources. This is then applied to the best available data, from a variety of sources, to arrive at estimated flows of cadmium. Results are presented for 10 geo-political world regions and for a range of economic activities including non-ferrous metals production, iron and steel production, combustion of fossil fuels, fertilizer manufacture and use, cement production and the manufacture, use and disposal of cadmium containing products. Initially, this analysis partitions the total flow of cadmium into three major categories: atmospheric emissions, water-borne effluents and solid or bulked waste arisings. the paper then suggests a probable further partition of the initial emissions into different environmental media.     

A Chronology of Nitrogen Deposition in the UK Between 1900 and 2000

Measurements of the concentrations of nitrogen compounds in air and precipitation in the UK have been made since the mid-19th century, but no networks operating to common protocols and having traceable analytical procedures were established until the 1950s. From 1986 onwards, a high-quality network of sampling stations for precipitation chemistry was established across the UK. In the following decade, monitoring networks provided measurement of NO₂, NH₃, HNO₃ and a satisfactory understanding of the dry deposition process for these gases allowed dry deposition to be quantified. Maps of N deposition for oxidized and reduced compounds at a spatial scale of 5 km × 5 km are available from 1986 to 2000. Between 1950 and 1985, the more limited measurements, beginning with those of the European Air Chemistry Network (EACN) provide a reasonable basis to estimate wet deposition of NO ₃ ^– –N and NH ₄ ⁺ –N. For the first half of the century, estimates of deposition were scaled with emissions assuming a constant relationship between emission and deposition for each of the components of the wet and dry deposition budget at the country scale. Emissions of oxidized N, which dominated total nitrogen emissions throughout the century, increased from 312 kt N annually in 1900 to a peak of 787 kt for the decade 1980–1990 and then declined to 460 kt in 2000. Emissions of reduced N, largely from coal combustion were about 168 kt N in 1900, increasing to a peak of 263 kt N in 2000 and by now dominated by agricultural sources. Reduced N dominated the deposition budget at the country scale, increasing from 163 kt N in 1900 to 211 kt N in 2000, while deposition of oxidized N was 66 kt N in 1900 and 191 kt N in 2000. Over the century, 68 Mt (Tg) of fixed N was emitted within the UK, 78% as NO _x , while 29 Mt of nitrogen was deposited (43% of emissions), equivalent to 1.2 t N ha^–1, on average, with 60% in the reduced form. Deposition to semi-natural ecosystems is approximately 15 Tg N, equivalent to between 1 and 5 t N ha^–1, over the century and appears to be accumulating in soil. The N deposition over the century is similar in magnitude to the total soil N inventory in surface horizons.     

典型城市碳达峰能源政策下空气质量协同改善效益评估

碳达峰能源政策可同时实现减污降碳,带来明显的空气质量改善及人群健康效益.本研究综合利用LEAP模型、WRF-CMAQ模型和BenMAP-CE模型,量化评估了惠州市能源政策和大气污染控制措施对二氧化碳和大气污染物排放、空气质量和人群健康的影响.结果表明, 不实施碳达峰的基准情景下惠州市CO₂排放将持续增长,而能源转型能使惠州市在2030年实现碳达峰值6906万t目标,碳减排贡献最大是 电力部门;大气污染末端控制措施叠加能源政策可从源头进一步减少SO₂、VOCs、NO_x、PM_2.5的排放,较基准年2019分别减排4695、44142、38422、12493 t.能源转型情景下惠州市2035年PM_2.5年均浓度可以从基准情景的18.25 μg·m^-3下降至14.95 μg·m^-3,小于世界卫生组织过渡期 第3阶段目标（15 μg·m^-3）,O₃年均浓度也可大幅降低至133.68 μg·m^-3;进而得到归因于PM_2.5和O₃的可避免早逝人数分别为448例（95% CI：143~737）和36例（95% CI：11~61）,相对于基准情景获得的人群健康效益为37.88亿元（95% CI：12.37~61.56）.     

鄂州市大气VOCs污染特征及来源解析

2018年3月～2019年2月,在鄂州市主城区采用在线气相色谱仪对102种大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)定量检测,对比分析了VOCs组成、季节变化特征和日变化规律,并利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)估算了VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP).结果表明,鄂州大气VOCs年均体积分数为(30.78±15.89)×10~(-9),总体表现为冬季高夏季低,具体表现为烷烃含氧化合物卤代烃烯烃芳香烃炔烃.日变化规律表现为夜晚体积分数高于白天,且总体上呈"双峰"分布,芳香烃、卤代烃和OVOCs在00:00至02:00出现"第三峰".对VOCs臭氧生成潜势(OFP)贡献较大的是芳香烃和烯烃,贡献率分别为35.45%和29.5%,其中对OFP贡献率最高的物种为乙烯,达到24.217%.分析VOCs特征物种,发现机动车尾气和溶剂使用是鄂州VOCs的主要来源,其中机动车排放是最主要来源,控制鄂州机动车排放有助于削减大气VOCs活性较大的组分,从而减少臭氧的生成.     

我国近10年城市生活垃圾处置单元温室气体排放时空变化及减排潜能分析

生活垃圾处置单元是重要的温室气体（GHG）排放源,明确其排放变化趋势及特征,是制定生活垃圾单元GHG减排的前提.采用IPCC清单模型,对中国2010~2020年城市生活垃圾（MSW）处置单元的GHG排放进行了估算.结果表明,GHG排放量（以CO₂-eq计,下同）从2010年的42.5 Mt增长至2019年的75.3 Mt,2020年降低到72.1 Mt;生活垃圾填埋场是GHG排放的主要来源,随着生活垃圾焚烧比例的增加,焚烧GHG排放占比从2010年的16.5%快速增加到2020年的60.1%;在区域分布上,华东和华南地区是排放量最高的区域,广东、山东、江苏和浙江是最主要的排放省.实行生活垃圾分类,转变生活垃圾处置方式（垃圾填埋向焚烧的转变）,提高填埋场填埋气体（LFG）收集效率,利用生物覆盖功能材料强化覆盖层甲烷（CH₄）氧化效率,是实现固废处置单元GHG减排的主要措施.     

烟台市典型工业排放PM2.5源成分谱特征研究

鉴于烟台市本地化源成分谱研究缺乏的现状,以及颗粒物精细化来源解析及环境管理的需求,采用NK-ZXF颗粒物再悬浮采样器,对6家烟台市典型工业下载灰源样品进行再悬浮采样,构建6类〔燃煤电厂、供热锅炉、生物质锅炉、钢铁（烧结）行业、玻璃行业和垃圾处理行业〕PM_2.5源成分谱,并对PM_2.5源成分谱特征及其排放颗粒物携带重金属特征进行评估.结果表明:①燃煤电厂PM_2.5源成分谱的标识组分包括Si、Cl-和SO₄2-,其质量分数分别为15.2%、9.3%和7.8%;与燃煤电厂相比,供热锅炉排放的PM_2.5中w（OC）偏高、w（SO₄2-）偏低;生物质锅炉排放的主要组分有K、Cl-和OC等,其质量分数分别为7.4%、13.3%和8.6%;钢铁（烧结）行业PM_2.5源成分谱中w（Ca）、w（Fe）和w（Cl-）较高;SO₄2-和Ca为玻璃行业PM_2.5源成分谱的主要组分,其质量分数分别为20.6%、8.2%;垃圾处理行业重金属质量分数最高,其主要组分为Cl-和SO₄2-.②CD（coefficient of divergence,分歧系数）计算结果表明,各源成分谱有一定相异性（CD范围为0.53~0.70）,其中生物质锅炉与垃圾处理行业PM_2.5源成分谱差异（CD为0.70）最大.③各典型工业排放PM_2.5所携带重金属特征显示,垃圾处理行业排放PM_2.5中的重金属质量分数（2.3%）最高,燃煤电厂、供热锅炉、生物质锅炉和玻璃行业排放的重金属中Cr、Ni和Cu相对质量分数较高,钢铁行业和垃圾处理行业排放的重金属中Pb相对质量分数较高.研究显示,所构建的烟台市各典型工业排放PM_2.5源成分谱特征鲜明,能够反映各行业PM_2.5排放特征.      

面向碳中和的中国低碳国土开发利用

基于IPAT和IBIS模型在预测人为碳排放和陆地生态系统碳汇的基础上,探讨了中国2060年实现碳中和的可行性以及不同土地利用方式承载的碳汇分布。2060年我国人为碳排放预计为0.86 Pg C yr ^-1;IPCC报告中RCP 2.6和RCP 6.0情景的陆地生态系统分别中和33%和38%的人为碳排放。2060年林地、草地、耕地是陆地生态系统碳汇主要贡献者,占93%;与2030年比,在RCP 2.6情景下林地和草地的碳汇贡献分别下降10%和8%,而耕地上升18%;RCP 6.0情景下林地和草地的贡献分别下降7%和2%,而耕地上升4%。但若按2051—2060年间两种情景下的最高年份（2055年）的碳汇计,则分别可以中和65%、82%的人为碳排放。据此,提出为实现2060年碳中和,应以碳承载力为基础,聚焦区域国土空间规划和建设用地开发规模,对土地利用转变进行严格管控,探索制订土地利用碳排放标准。     

农村散煤替代对PM2.5污染影响及健康效益评估——以河南省为例

基于2016年河南省农村污染物排放清单,采用县级优化模型,设置了基准和散煤治理2种情景,评估了2025年1月份河南省农村散煤替代的减排潜力,利用空气质量模型（WRF-CMAQ）模拟其对PM_2.5污染改善的贡献,并采取泊松回归模型分析了相应的居民健康效益.结果表明,由于围护结构改造的成本较低及保温效果显著,其与采暖设备的组合技术在河南省农村家庭是最适合推广的采暖技术.在散煤治理情景下,2025年1月河南省农村居民燃烧源的SO₂,NO_x,CO,PM₁₀,PM_2.5,VOCs,NH₃排放量与基准情景相比分别下降了98.3%,82.6%,99.8%,99.2%,98.8%,98.2%和99.4%.散煤治理情景下河南省2025年1月PM_2.5浓度模拟结果与基准情景相比下降4.1μg/m³,可以避免2220人过早死亡,带来23.5亿元经济效益.     

Industrial and wildfire aerosol pollution over world heritage Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal is the biggest reservoir of fresh water with unique flora and fauna; presently it is negatively affected by climate change, water warming, industrial emissions, shipping, touristic activities, and Siberian forest fires. The assessment of air pollution - related Baikal's ecosystem damage is an unsolved problem. Ship, based expedition exploring the Baikal atmospheric aerosol loading, was performed over the lake area in July 2018. We combine the aerosol near - water and vertical distributions over the Lake Baikal basin with meteorological observations and air mass transportation simulations. Lidar sounding of aerosol fields in the troposphere assesses the atmospheric background in the pristine areas and the pollution during fire-affected periods. Aerosol optical properties (scattering and spectral absorption) converted to the particle number size, black carbon (BC) mass, and Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) provide the inside into aerosol characterization. Transport of industrial emissions from Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk regions, and wildfire plumes from Republic of Yakutia relates the pollution sources to the increased concentrations of fine particle numbers, PM₁₀ and BC mass over Southern and Northern/Central Baikal, respectively. The highest PM₁₀ and BC are associated to the harbor and touristic areas of intensive shipping and residential biomass burning. Deposition estimates applied to aerosol data exhibit the pollution fluxes to water surface over the whole Baikal area. AAE marks the impact of coal combustion, residential biomass burning, and wildfires indicating the high pollution level of the Lake Baikal ecological system .     

Source emissions and climate change impacts on the multimedia transport and fate of persistent organic pollutants, Chaohu watershed, eastern China

Emission intensity and climate change control the transport flux and fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in multiple environmental compartments. This study applied a multimedia model (BETR model) to explore alternations in the spatio-temporal trends of concentrations and transport flux of benzopyrene (BaP), phenanthrene (Phe), perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Chaohu watershed, located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China in response to changes in source emissions and climate. The potential historic and future risks of these pollutants also were assessed. The results suggest that current trends in concentrations and transport were similar to that of their emissions between 2005 and 2018. During the next 100 years, temporal trends and spatial patterns were not predicted to change significantly, which is consistent with climate change. Based on sensitivity and correlation analyses, climate change had significant effects on multi-media concentrations and transport fluxes of BaP, Phe, PFOS and PCBs, and rainfall intensity was the predominant controlling factor. Risk quotients (RQs) of BaP and Phe-in soil increased from 0.42 to 0.95 and 0.06 to 0.35, respectively, from 2005 to 2090, indicating potential risks. The RQs of the other examined contaminants exhibited little potential risk in soil, water, or sediment. Based on spatial patterns, it was inferred that the ecosystem around Lake Chaohu is the most at risk. The study provides insights needed for local pollution control of POPs in the Chaohu watershed. In addition, the developed approach can be applied to other watersheds world-wide.