唐山市钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单建立

以唐山市钢铁企业为研究对象,在收集已有排放源数据的基础上,基于排放因子和活动水平数据采用排放因子法估算了唐山市钢铁企业多个大气污染物的排放量,得到了符合空气质量模型要求的污染源输入数据,建立钢铁行业和主要防控因子污染源数据库。结合唐山市各县区的环境空气质量状况,利用GIS技术,将不同污染因子的排放进行空间分布,最终形成准确完善的多尺度、高时空分辨率大气污染源排放清单。研究介绍了符合中国特色的区域高分辨率大气排放源清单建立的方法体系,为京津冀地区区域大气污染联防联控及2020年大气污染物区域削减计划工作提供数据支撑。     

温室气体排放数据库系统设计与实现

以温度升高为主要特征的气候变化越来越影响到人类的可持续发展,温室气体排放系数的收集与整理对于该研究具有重要意义。文章在充分调研IPCC指南及相关排放系数文献的基础上,对温室气体排放系数进行采集与整理,其中对电力行业排放系数的收集细化到不同技术水平、煤质来源水平和区域水平,并在电力行业排放系数收集的基础上,对其他主要工业行业的温室气体排放系数进行收集,完成了数据库设计与建库工作。主要包括四类数据:"温室气体排放系数数据库"、"活动水平数据库"、"电力行业污染物排放数据库"、"元数据库"。在此基础上设计并开发了数据库软件系统,实现了对温室气体排放系数的统一管理与访问。经实际运行,证明该系统能有效管理温室气体排放系数数据,提供数据的分析应用,为温室气体核算和提高环境监管能力提供科学数据和支撑作用。     

京津冀地区道路碳排放量的演变及空间分布

以机动车碳排放模型为基础,结合不同类型机动车存活曲线,建立分车龄的车队构成,并利用年均行驶里程和燃油消耗量,分析了京津冀地区2005～2020年道路碳排放量的演变及区域分布特征.结果显示,河北省道路碳排放量增长迅速,近5a仍以7.14%的年均增长率快速增长,而北京和天津两市的道路碳排放已经进入低速增长期,近5a的年均增长率分别仅为1.01%和2.27%.小型客车一直都是道路碳排放的主力车型,其碳排放量占京津冀道路碳排放总量50%以上;轻型货车在北京市道路碳排放中的贡献越来越突出,而河北和天津两地轻型和重型货车正在逐渐发展为道路碳排放增长的主要驱动因素.从京津冀道路碳排放的4km×4km网格分布图可知,因北京和天津拥有更密集的道路,其碳排放强度远高于河北省.     

Impact of climate changes on pollution levels in Denmark

The impact of climate changes on the pollution levels in Denmark is the major topic of this paper. Variations of the Danish air pollution levels that are caused by climatic changes are studied together with variations caused by other factors (emissions, inter-annual variability of meteorological conditions, etc.). The Unified Danish Eulerian Model (UNI-DEM) was run on a fine, 10 km × 10 km, grid over a space domain covering all of Europe to minimize the influence of the boundary conditions on the Danish pollution levels. This study is based on four categories of scenarios: (i) traditional scenarios, (ii) climatic scenarios, (iii) scenarios with variations of the human-made (anthropogenic) emissions and (iv) scenarios in which the biogenic emissions were varied. The total number of applied scenarios was 14, and a time-period of 16 years was used. The results show clearly that although the concentrations of the major pollutants do not depend too much on the climatic changes, some quantities, in particular quantities related to high ozone levels, might be increased significantly as a result of the warming trends in the future climate. The reason for this phenomenon is explained.     

Determination of nitrous oxide, methane, and ammonia emissions from a swine waste composting process

The amounts of harmful gas emissions from the process of composting swine waste were determined using an experimental composting apparatus. Forced aeration (19.2–96.1 l/m³/min) was carried out continuously, and exhaust gases were collected and analyzed periodically. With weekly turning and the addition of a bulking agent in order to decrease the moisture content and increase air permeability, the temperature of most of the contents rose to 70°C and composting was complete within 3–5 weeks. NH₃, CH₄, and N₂O emissions were high in the early stage of composting. About 10%–25% of the nitrogen in the raw material was lost as NH₃ gas during composting. The emission rate of NH₃ mainly depended on the aeration rate, so that as the aeration rate rose, the level of NH₃ emissions increased. The CH₄ and N₂O emissions could be kept lower with adequate treatment at more than 40 l/m³/min aeration. N₂O may be mainly the result of the denitrification of NO _x -N in the additional matured compost used as a composting accelerator. Received: September 11, 1998 / Accepted: November 8, 1999     

The Concept and Theoretical Implications of Carbon Emissions Rights Based on Individual Equity

Climate change has become a hot topic in international environmental negotiations.For post-Kyoto international climate regime negotiations,many countries have proposed a variety of frameworks to share the emission reduction responsibilities and allocate carbon emission rights,and have tried to quantify the emission reduction obligations of all countries based on the perspectives of international equity and individual equity.In this paper,the authors have distinguished the concepts of carbon emissions rights based on these two perspectives respectively,have analyzed the relationship between carbon emissions per capita and economic development,and have calculated and compared the proportion of cumulative emissions per capita of different countries in history and future,and then authors conclude that emission reduction obligations should be allocated based on each country’s conditions,including historical emissions,development stage,and future demands.Developed countries should take the initiative to significantly reduce their emissions because they have already accomplished their industrialization process.However,developing countries are still in the process of industrialization,which requires more emission rights to meet their development needs.For China,the concept of carbon emissions based on individual equity can be used as a theoretical tool for the allocating the international carbon emissions rights.     

The role of a steel plant in north-west Italy to the local air concentrations of PCDD/Fs

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are ubiquitous contaminants, mainly released into the environment during combustion processes (point sources), but also from other sources (traffic, uncontrolled combustion).This study aims at investigating the contribution of a steel plant in NW Italy (700 000 tons of steel year⁻¹) to the air concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs at local level, through the analysis of measured, modelled and literature data. The study was carried out in an area of 600 km², using air quality data measured by the institutional monitoring network, data obtained from AERMOD simulations and literature data.The measured air concentrations were consistent with literature values for similar areas, and both the homologue profiles and PCA analyses showed a clear distinction between the monitoring stations and the source profiles.All the previous results were confirmed by the air dispersion model (AERMOD), that predicted PCDD/F air concentrations due to the steel plant from four to two orders of magnitude lower than those measured in the monitoring stations, highlighting the presence of other sources.This study outlines the limited influence of the source in the local PCDD/F air concentrations and at the same time the usefulness of a joint analysis of measured, literature and calculated data to correctly evaluate the role of a source to the local pollution. The study also highlights the usefulness of AERMOD as a complementary tool to define the correct placement of monitoring stations and to locate those areas expected to have the highest air concentrations deriving from a source.     

二氧化碳排放的国际比较及对我国低碳经济发展的启示

首先分析了我国二氧化碳排放的基本情况,指出当前二氧化碳排放增长率虽然有所下降,但环境形势依然严峻。然后从国家碳排放总量、人均CO2排放量、单位GDP二氧化碳排放量、国家累积碳排放和人均累积碳排放几个方面对我国二氧化碳排放水平与国际水平进行了比较,并结合节能减排目标对我国低碳经济的发展提出了相关建议。     

基于贸易隐含碳的城市人均碳足迹比较研究

气候谈判中采用的碳排放基准数据,关乎发展中国家的发展权。本文认为基于生产者责任原则的碳排放数据为气候谈判基准是不合理的。提出基于贸易隐含碳的城市人均碳足迹数据为基准,并选取具有代表性的几个城市(纽约、东京、伦敦、上海)进行样本研究。结果表明,在考虑贸易隐含碳排放的情况下,上海的人均碳足迹最低。2008年,纽约为上海的2.2倍,伦敦为上海的1.8倍,东京为上海的1.6倍。本文希望在考虑贸易隐含碳的情况下,对国际上有相近功能的城市人均碳足迹的研究可以为我国的气候谈判赢得更多的话语权,并给出了相关政策建议。     

中国城镇碳排放的区域差异和影响因素

修正了IPCC关于电力碳排放系数的计算方法,根据中国(省市)能源平衡表估算了1995-2008年中国30个省市的城镇碳排放,划分了高、中、低三个不同排放区域,分析城镇碳排放的区域差异,采用STIRPAT模型分析城镇碳排放及区域差异的影响因素.结果表明,城镇碳排放是中国碳排放的主体;城镇碳排放总体快速增长趋势,2001年后表现尤为明显;中国城镇碳排放存在很强的区域差异,2008年高排放区域的八个省市城镇碳排放总量占全国城镇碳排放总量的50％以上;城镇居民人均收入对城镇碳排放影响最大,然后是城镇化率和能源强度,人口总量对碳排放影响较小;城镇居民人均收入增加、城市化进程不断推进、能源强度降低对城镇碳排放的影响存在区域差异,这种影响强度的差异是导致城镇碳排放存在区域差异的主要原因.一方面,我国城镇居民收入的不断提高和城市化进程的推进决定了城镇发展需要一定的碳排放空间,另一方面,城镇需要走可持续的低碳发展道路.