不同土地利用方式下冬季N2O排放及其影响因素

由于冬季气温低,温室气体的排放往往被忽视.而最新研究结果显示,土壤冬季仍然持续排放N2O.研究不同土地利用方式下冬季N2O排放规律对于评估农田土壤N2O排放有重要意义.在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站选择4种不同的土地利用方式包括冬闲稻田、油菜地、蜜柚园和撂荒地,采用静态箱采集和气相色谱法结合监测N2O排放动态.结果表明,冬闲稻田和油菜地N2O排放量明显高于蜜柚园和撂荒地,其顺序为:油菜地>冬闲稻田>蜜柚园>荒地.N2O的累积排放量分别为0.502、0.392、0.162、0.075 kg·hm-2.冬闲稻田和油菜地的累计排放量占全年排放量的贡献较大而蜜柚园和荒地则较小.相关性分析结果表明,对于不同的土地利用方式,当土壤温度>5℃时,冬季N2O排放通量与土壤温度都有显著指数正相关,而与水分没有相关性.本研究表明,当土壤温度>5℃,土壤温度是冬季桃源不同土地类型N2O排放的主导因素;当土壤温度<5℃时,土壤温度和其他环境因素综合影响了N2O的排放.     

基于1 km网格的天津市二氧化碳排放研究

中国城市建制及地理边界特征使得国际城市CO2排放的关键问题在中国难以深入研究.例如,城市排放占比,城市与周边区域排放差异等.本文基于天津市CO2排放的1 km网格,分析天津市CO2排放的空间特征,探讨天津市不同城市范围的CO2排放水平,并与纽约市进行对比分析.结果显示,2007年天津市市域内CO2排放总量为12599万吨,人均排放11.30 t.天津市市域CO2排放的空间格局是从中心6个城区向外单位网格排放量逐渐降低.CO2排放在空间上具有显著的正空间自相关性,中心6个城区、滨海新区及郊区县中心镇的CO2排放对其周边区域CO2排放影响显著,天津市狭义城市人均CO2排放量为4.71 t,低于纽约市的6.33t;狭义城市范围1排放占总排放的比例为69.26％,略高于纽约市的59.70％.以狭义城市为城市范围时,天津城市及周边区域人均CO2排放的空间特征与发达国家城市的排放特征研究结论一致,都是从城区—郊区—周边区域,人均排放水平逐渐升高;在此范围下,天津城市CO2排放仅占全市域的14.00％.     

Atmospheric emission characterization of a novel sludge drying and co-combustion system

A novel system combining sludge drying and co-combustion with coal was applied in disposing sludge and its atmospheric emission characteristics were tested. The system was composed of a hollow blade paddle dryer, a thermal drying exhaust gas control system, a 75 tons/hr circulating fluidized bed and a flue gas cleaning system. The emissions of NH3, SO2, CH4 and some other pollutants released from thermal drying, and pollutants such as NOx, SO2 etc. discharged by the incinerator, were all tested. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDD/Fs） in the flue gas from the incinerator were investigated as well. The results indicated that the concentrations of NOx and SO2 in the flue gas from the incinerator were 145 and 16 mg/m^3, respectively, and the I-TEQ concentration of 2,3,7,8-substitued PCDD/Fs was 0.023 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3. All these values were greatly lower than the emission standards of China. In addition, there was no obvious odor in the air around the sludge dryer. The results demonstrated that this drying and co-combustion system is efficient in controlling pollutants and is a feasible way for large-scale treatment of industrial sludge and sewage sludge.     

北京雾霾现象与机动车尾气排放关系分析

北京雾霾天气的成因存在争议。政府公布的结论是,20-30％的污染是来源于汽车尾气排放,但这是与事实相冲突的。本文主要讨论机动车尾气排放在雾霾成因中的实际比例,及可能解决的方案。     

关于修订《贵州省环境污染物排放标准》的思考——以水污染物排放标准修订为例

DB 52/12—1999《贵州省环境污染物排放标准》自第一次修订至今已有13年,随着我省经济社会的发展,现行标准执行过程中暴露出一些不足之处,导致标准执行困难。针对现行标准中存在的问题,在对有关法律法规、本省主要工业结构、特征污染物和国外相关排放标准进行研究分析的基础上,以水污染物为例,对标准制定中有关排放等级、时段划分、污染物控制限值等内容进行了思考。     

Lose some, save some: Obesity, automobile demand, and gasoline consumption

This paper examines the unexplored link between the prevalence of overweight and obesity and vehicle demand in the United States. Exploring annual sales data of new passenger vehicles at the model level in 48 U.S. counties from 1999 to 2005, we find that new vehicles demanded by consumers are less fuel-efficient on average as a larger share of people become overweight or obese. The OLS results show that a 10 percentage point increase in obesity and overweight reduces the average MPG of new vehicles demanded by 1.4 percent, an effect requiring a 12 cent increase in gasoline prices to counteract. The 2SLS results after controlling for possible endogeneity in overweight and obesity prevalence put those two numbers at 5 percent and 54 cent, respectively. These findings, robust to a variety of specifications, suggest that policies to reduce overweight and obesity can have additional benefits for energy security and the environment.     

北京城市温室气体排放清单基础研究

回顾中国城市,主要是北京温室气体排放研究和排放状况,结合目前国际上主要采用的城市清单方法,梳理北京温室气体排放清单,并利用收集的北京市基本资料进行相关分析,作为北京和洛杉矶温室气体清单比较研究的基础.通过分析可以看出,中国城市温室气体清单的编制需要大量精确的数据作为支撑,但目前由于在统计口径上与国际上通用的排放清单有差...     

发展低碳经济,法律规制要先行

低碳经济是应对全球变化和化石能源枯竭问题,保障经济社会可持续发展的有效模式之一.哥本哈根气候会议之后,全世界范围内掀起了低碳经济浪潮.我国正处于城镇化、工业化与人民生活现代化的重要发展阶段,加上人口众多,节能减排形势非常严峻,而保障我国低碳经济发展的法律规制尚不完善.在分析、借鉴国外有关法律规制的基础上,针对我国相关领域的法律规制存在的不足,提出相应的解决方案,为低碳经济发展保驾护航.     

Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics

This study identified the levels and sources of heavy metal contamination in road dust from busy traffic areas in a typical industrial city in Korea. This study compared the total concentrations, as determined by aqua regia digestions and atomic absorption spectroscopy, of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) in the road dust from areas with different characteristics such as traffic rotaries, downtown areas, circulation roads, and asphalt and concrete highways. The contamination levels of the heavy metals in the road dust were evaluated using the contamination factor and the degree of contamination. The contamination levels of the heavy metals in the road dust were highly dependent on traffic volume and atmospheric dispersion from traffic rotaries. Industrial emissions and the frequency of brake use and vehicles coming to a complete stop were additional factors that affected the contamination levels in downtown areas. The concrete highway had higher contamination levels of the heavy metals than the asphalt highway. Vehicle speed was also a strong contributing factor to the degree of contamination of heavy metals in the road dust from the circulation roads and highways.     

Passive monitoring of nitrogen dioxide in urban air: a case study of Durban metropolis, South Africa

To devise and implement strategies to manage the quality of urban air, a metropolis needs air pollution data on which an air quality management plan can be formulated. Although air pollutants can come from several sources, many reports suggest that nitrogen dioxide from motor vehicle emissions is the major contributor to air pollution in cities. Since vehicles stop or move slowly through traffic intersections, concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) are expected to be relatively high at these sites. Inexpensive Ogawa passive samplers were placed at selected traffic intersections in the Durban Metropolis to trap the NO(2) which was then analysed by a sensitive laboratory-based method. The data obtained by this method was compared with data from sophisticated system comprising an active sampler cum on-line chemiluminescence detector. The sampling was done over a twelve month period to cover all seasons. Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference between the means for the two methods. This study has established that an Ogawa passive sampler may be used as an economical and reliable collector for NO(2) in ambient air under varying climatic conditions. Further, the analysis method using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer was sensitive enough to detect NO(2) at the 10-20 ppb level. The cost of the method should be well within the budgets of most municipalities and it would motivate them to develop policies to alleviate traffic congestion.