基于Urban-RAM模型的上海居民生活碳排放研究

随着全球对碳排放相关研究的不断深入,居民生活引起的能源消耗和碳排放问题引起了研究人员越来越多的关注,但目前鲜有对上海市居民生活整体碳排放的系统研究.本文以2010年为基准年,引入美国劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室开发的Urban-RAM模型,对上海市居民生活碳排放情况进行定量分析,旨在初步掌握上海市居民生活碳排放的总体规模和结构特征,为上海市低碳城市建设和相关决策提供科学依据.研究结果表明,上海市2010年居民生活碳排放总量(CO2e)为4985.7万t,主要以间接排放为主,间接碳排放和直接碳排放分别占居民生活碳排放总量的64.1%和35.9%;上海市居民生活碳排放在各个消费领域的分布不均,直接碳排放主要来自公共和居住建筑领域,该领域的直接碳排量为1065.0万t,占全市居民生活直接碳排放总量的59.5%;间接碳排放主要来自家庭消费领域,该领域的间接碳排量为1625.2万t,占全市居民生活间接碳排放总量的50.9%,其中以食品消费和衣装消费的贡献最大,分别占家庭消费领域碳排放总量的53.5%和29.5%;综合来看,公共和居住建筑领域的整体碳排量最大,为2231.6万t,占全市居民生活碳排放总量的44.8%.     

面向排放量化的低速区间机动车比功率分布特性与模型

随着排放建模方法从基于行驶周期和平均速度演变为基于VSP(Vehicle Specific Power)参数,利用VSP分布刻画交通状态成为最新的研究需求.近期研究中,针对城市快速路上大于20 km·h-1的速度区间建立了基于平均行程速度的VSP分布数学模型,却未对低速区间的VSP分布特征作深入研究.基于北京快速路大量逐秒浮动车数据,研究0～20 km·h-1的VSP分布与平均行程速度的关系.通过分析大量逐秒浮动数据的VSP分布与平均速度间关系,发现VSP分布与平均行程速度具有规律性:各VSP分布的峰值出现在VSP Bin=0处,且随速度的增加单调递减.因此,针对VSP分布的正、负区间以及VSP Bin=0处分别建立数学模型,并利用该模型进行机动车油耗/排放测算.对比分析油耗/排放的预测值和实测值得出,所建立的VSP分布模型可以有效用于机动车油耗/排放测算.     

基于多因素灰色预测模型的生活污水量预测研究

生活污水作为城市水环境的主要污染源,进行生活污水排放量的预测是十分必要的.污水排放量预测方法有多种,不同的方法有各自不同的特点.为提高预测精度,采用灰色预测与多元线性回归相结合的方法,综合各种因素建立多因素灰色预测模型.并以人口和人均纯收入作为影响因素,将该模型应用于苏州横泾街道生活污水排放量的趋势预测中.结果表明：该模型能反映系统的实际情况,建模精度高,平均相对误差只有0.069 8％,值得在污水排放预测中推广应用.     

天山北坡经济带工业碳排放影响因素实证分析

在天山北麓9个州(市、地区)2002-2011年工业能源消费量、人口等数据基础上,利用LMDI法对该地区工业碳排放影响因素进行实证分析,结果表明,经济发展水平、工业化水平、人口规模是天山北坡经济带工业碳排放增加的拉动因素。工业能源强度和工业能源消费结构的变化是天山北坡经济带工业碳排放增加的抑制因素。总体来说,该地区抑制因素的抑制作用远小于拉动因素的拉动作用,工业碳排放量呈现增加趋势。     

海南省能源消费和碳排放预测研究

以海南省1993—2012年能源消费总量、人口、国民生产总值和工业比重作为研究对象,应用协整理论建立它们之间的关系,并预测不同经济增长情景下2015—2020年海南省能源消费总量和能源消费结构。在此基础上,借助相关方法预测碳排放量,最后根据海南的实际情况提出减排政策建议。     

Effects of introducing energy recovery processes to the municipal solid waste management system in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Currently, most developing countries have not set up municipal solid waste management systemswith a viewof recovering energy fromwaste or reducing greenhouse gasemissions. In this article, we have studied the possible effects of introducing three energy recovery processes either as a single or combination approach, refuse derived fuel production, incineration and waste power generation, and methane gas recovery from landfill and power generation in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, as a case study. We concluded that incineration process is the most suitable as first introduction of energy recovery. To operate it efficiently, 3Rs strategies need to be promoted. And then, RDF production which is made of waste papers and plastics in high level of sortingmay be considered as the second step of energy recovery. However, safety control and marketability of RDF will be required at that moment.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay,Australia)

Surface water methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia). Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010–2012. Water–air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH₄ and N₂O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH₄ and N₂O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH₄ varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N₂O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH₄ fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH₄/(m²·day) while N₂O varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N₂O/(m²·day). Weighted emissions (t CO₂-e) were 63%–90% N₂O dominated implying that a reduction in N₂O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays' greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH₄ and N₂O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.     

新型覆土材料的CH_4氧化能力与N_2O释放能力

在垃圾卫生填埋处理技术中,覆土材料的选择对处理成本和技术都至关重要.探究了新型覆土材料(矿化垃圾+牛粪+木屑)的CH4氧化能力,并进一步分析了温度、含水率、初始φ(CH4)和好氧厌氧等环境因素对CH4氧化能力的影响.结果表明:1新型覆土中矿化垃圾的填埋龄不同,其CH4氧化能力也有所差异,填埋龄较久的覆土B(10 a)、C(15 a)在培养时间内对CH4去除率和氧化速率均明显高于覆土A(5 a);2当温度为30℃、含水率为35%时,新型覆土的CH4氧化能力最高;3用米歇尔-门坦方程表征CH4降解的过程,R2(相关系数)为0.993,CH4氧化速率最大值为5.21μmol/(g·h),半速常数为5.48%;4厌氧环境中新型覆土具有CH4氧化能力,而厌氧环境中CH4去除率相对好氧环境更慢,培养20 d后,厌氧环境CH4去除率为83%;5当土壤孔隙含水率分别为46%、70%时,覆土干湿交替导致的N2O和CO2释放量远小于CH4氧化量,故N2O增温效应可忽略.由矿化垃圾+牛粪+木屑组成的新型覆土材料的CH4氧化速率最大值比现有覆土材料高1~2个数量级,其可应用于不同类型填埋场,特别是降雨较多的南方垃圾填埋场,可有效减缓垃圾填埋气CH4的释放影响.     

基于LMDI模型的乌鲁木齐工业废气排放影响因素研究

本文运用对数平均的LMDI 分解模型,选取工业SO₂、工业烟(粉)尘排放量作为污染物指标,将2006—2013 年,乌鲁木齐工业废气排放量影响因素分解为规模效应、结构效应、技术效应,考虑到技术效应机制的复杂性,进一步将技术效应细化为污染治理效应和清洁技术效应。研究结果表明:规模效应和结构效应增加乌鲁木齐工业废气排放,其中规模效应对工业废气排放量贡献率由2007 年的119.10%增加到2013 年的263.03%,结构效应对工业废气排放量的增加也起到一定的促进作用,但影响效果远低于规模效应,年贡献率均低于10%,技术效应阻碍工业废气排放的增加,贡献率由2007 年的-19.86%增加到2013 年的-172.50%。制造业和电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业废气排放量占工业废气排放总量的70% 左右,是乌鲁木齐工业废气污染的主要行业。清洁技术效应对SO₂ 的减排起促进作用,是阻碍工业SO₂ 排放量增加的主要因素。污染治理效应是工业烟(粉)尘的减排主要因素,说明目前乌鲁木齐工业烟(粉)尘的减排依赖于排放后的治理。     

The presence and partitioning behavior of flame retardants in waste, leachate, and air particles from Norwegian waste-handling facilities

Flame retardants in commercial products eventually make their way into the waste stream.Herein the presence of flame retardants in Norwegian landfills, incineration facilities and recycling sorting/defragmenting facilities is investigated. These facilities handled waste electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE), vehicles, digestate, glass, combustibles, bottom ash and fly ash. The flame retardants considered included polybrominated diphenyl ethers(∑BDE-10) as well as dechlorane plus, polybrominated biphenyls, hexabromobenzene,pentabromotoluene and pentabromoethylbenzene(collectively referred to as ∑FR-7). Plastic,WEEE and vehicles contained the largest amount of flame retardants(∑BDE-10: 45,000–210,000 μg/kg; ∑FR-7: 300–13,000 μg/kg). It was hypothesized leachate and air concentrations from facilities that sort/defragment WEEE and vehicles would be the highest. This was supported for total air phase concentrations(∑BDE-10: 9000–195,000 pg/m~3 WEEE/vehicle facilities, 80–900 pg/m~3 in incineration/sorting and landfill sites), but not for water leachate concentrations(e.g., ∑BDE-10: 15–3500 ng/L in WEEE/Vehicle facilities and 1–250 ng/L in landfill sites). Landfill leachate exhibited similar concentrations as WEEE/vehicle sorting and defragmenting facility leachate. To better account for concentrations in leachates at the different facilities, waste-water partitioning coefficients, Kwastewere measured(for the first time to our knowledge for flame retardants). WEEE and plastic waste had elevated Kwastecompared to other wastes, likely because flame retardants are directly added to these materials. The results of this study have implications for the development of strategies to reduce exposure and environmental emissions of flame retardants in waste and recycled products through improved waste management practices.