Investigating the potential for different scooter and car exhaust emissions to cause cytotoxic and (pro-)inflammatory responses to a 3D in vitro model of the human epithelial airway

The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity and the (pro-)inflammatory responses of two-stroke (direct injection and carburetor technology) and four-stroke scooter and diesel car exhaust emissions on lung cells in vitro. This was analyzed by exposing a 3D in vitro model of the epithelial airway (consisting of human bronchial epithelial cells (cell line 16HBE14o^?) combined with human whole blood monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells) to physically characterized exhaust emissions. Biological endpoints of cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and inflammatory chemokine (interleukin(IL)-8) stimulation were examined. Two-stroke direct injection scooter exhaust contained the highest particle number concentration and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) concentrations and the emissions from the two-stroke carburetor scooter contained the highest hydrocarbon and lowest NO _x concentrations. The four-stroke scooter emitted the highest carbon monoxide concentration whereas the cars emitted the lowest. The combination of various technical optimizations for the two-stroke direct injection scooter (particle filter, oxidative catalyst, better oil and fuel) reduced the total emissions strongly and the TNF-α concentration significantly (p?相似文献   

A causal investigation on the determinants of CO2 in China

ABSTRACT

This article examines the causal relationship among carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, per capita economic growth, and international trade using temporal econometric models with serial data for the period 1980–2017 in China. In the Armax model all regressors are significant in having influenced the dependent CO2 variable. Subsequently, unidirectional causalities are identified from energy consumption and from commercial opening to carbon dioxide emissions, from commercial opening to energy consumption, from carbon dioxide emissions to per capita economic growth and from economic growth to commercial opening. These results show that, over time, more energy consumption in China results in more carbon dioxide emissions so there will be more environment pollution.     

新型矿用救生舱空气调节系统研究与设计

救生舱是有效减少井下各种灾害导致人员伤亡的安全设施设备,调节救生舱内的温度是保障矿工生存的重要措施。通过对矿用救生舱热负荷的分析计算和矿用救生舱空气调节系统研究现状的分析,设计了以液态二氧化碳相变制冷为基础的两种空气调节系统,可在无需电力驱动、相对狭小空间配套的情况下,适合作为救生舱的空气调节系统。该系统的研发将会解决矿用救生舱在无电力驱动情况下的温度调节问题。     

中国碳排放权交易市场运行状况、问题和对策研究

排污权交易理论的提出解决了发展经济与治理环境不能并行的难题。以欧盟碳排权交易体系为标志的世界范围内的碳排放权交易市场已逐步形成,碳排放权交易的实施减缓了全球气候变暖的速度,改善了人类赖以生存的生态环境,从长期看也促进了该政策实施地经济的发展。CDM机制下拥有世界上最大碳供应量的中国在国际碳排放权交易市场上却一直处于价格接受者的地位,辛苦的减排成果却给国外买家创造了丰厚的利润。国内有关碳排放权交易的理论研究与交易市场的试点运行早已在前几年展开,目前也取得了较大的进展。全国7个碳交易试点运行市场在2014年6月达到了交易的高峰期,交易量达到285.9227万吨,交易额达到了16398.2325万元。另据国家发改委统计,截至2014年10月,7个碳交易试点省市共完成交易1375万吨二氧化碳,累计成交金额超过5亿元人民币。然而这样的交易额对蕴含巨大减排潜力的中国而言远远不足,中国的碳排放权交易市场还不够成熟,试点地区的碳交易市场也比较分散,尚未形成全国统一的排放权交易市场。碳排放企业参与碳交易市场的积极性不足,导致碳排放配额流动性过低,市场交易量较低,交易市场的活跃度不够,这对想要在2016年运行全国统一性碳排放权交易市场的中国来说是一重大挑战。文章首先分析对比了国内外排污权交易市场的运行机制与现状,其次对目前中国7大碳排放交易试点地区的市场成交额与成交量等交易状况基础进行分析,找出碳排放交易市场发展缓慢的根本原因,结合碳排放权金融市场的发展与碳金融衍生产品的创新,为中国在国际排放权市场上赢得话语权以及争取是“十三五”期间构建相对成熟稳定的国内排放权交易市场的给出建议。     

考虑区域特点和车型差异的氢燃料电池汽车全生命周期减碳预测分析

发展氢燃料电池汽车是我国实现“双碳”战略的重要路径之一,目前我国多个区域正在推广应用包括乘用车、客车以及重卡在内的氢燃料电池汽车,如何量化研究未来不同车型和不同区域的氢燃料电池汽车减碳潜力成为如今的研究热点之一.基于全生命周期的评价方法,考虑了未来的汽车燃油经济性、电力碳排放因子、氢能碳排放因子和氢燃料电池汽车推广规模及制氢方式的区域差异,量化评价了不同类型的氢燃料电池汽车（FCV）、传统燃油汽车（ICEV）和纯电动汽车（BEV）的全生命周期碳排放量（以CO₂当量计）,对比分析了氢燃料电池汽车在不同时间及不同区域的减碳潜力,并对百公里氢耗量进行了不确定性分析.结果发现,到2025年氢燃料电池客车的全生命周期碳排放比传统燃油客车降低36.0%,而氢燃料电池重卡相较于传统燃油重卡并没有减碳效益.随着未来我国氢能来源结构的不断优化,到2035年氢燃料电池重卡的全生命周期碳排放比传统燃油重卡降低36.5%,相较于乘用车和客车两种车型,其减碳效益是最明显的.以2035年京津冀示范群为例,随着百公里氢耗量降低20%,FCV乘用车、客车和重卡的减碳规模分别增加了7.29%、9.93%和19.57%.因此建议氢燃料电池汽车推广应短期以客车为主,长期以重卡为主,乘用车推广作为补充.分区域和分阶段推广氢燃料电池汽车更有助于推进我国汽车领域的低碳化进程.     

中国高温热浪对碳排放量的响应

基于中国碳核算数据及气象资料,分析了8大经济区(30个省份)近20a来(1997～2017年)碳排放量和高温热浪的本底变化特征,探讨了不同区域高温热浪对碳排放量的多尺度响应关系.结果表明:(1)研究时段内,8个经济区的碳排放量均显著增加,增速最大和最小的经济区分别为黄河中游和西北;(2)不同级别(轻度、中度和重度)高温...     

中国非燃煤大气汞排放量估算

本研究根据各种非燃煤大气汞排放源的活动水平和排放因子,估算了1995～2003年中国分省非燃煤大气汞的排放量。2003年中国非燃煤大气汞排放量为393t,比燃煤汞排放多137t。在非燃煤大气汞排放中,84%来自有色金属冶炼,其中锌冶炼、铅冶炼、铜冶炼和黄金冶炼分别占总排放的51%、18%、4%和11%。Hg0、Hg2+和HgP在中国非燃煤大气汞排放中所占比例分别为77%、18%和5%。中国非燃煤汞排放在各地区间有较大差异,排放量超过30t?a-1的省区包括湖南、河南和云南,排放强度超过1t?km-2的省区包括上海、湖南、河南、辽宁和广东,这些地区的主要汞排放源为有色金属冶炼和生活垃圾焚烧。1995～2003年中国非燃煤大气汞排放的年均增长率为9%,其中生活垃圾焚烧排放的年均增长率最高,达到42%。     

The impact of economic activity in Asturias on greenhouse gas emissions: consequences for environmental policy within the Kyoto Protocol framework

Climate change is one of the major worldwide environmental concerns. It is especially the case in many developed countries, where the greenhouse gas emissions responsible for this change are mainly concentrated. For the first time, the Kyoto Protocol includes an international agreement for the reduction of the net emissions of these gases. To fulfil this agreement measures designed to reduce or limit current emissions have to be brought into force. Consequently, fears have arisen about possible consequences on competitiveness and future development of manufacturing activities and the need for support mechanisms for the affected sectors is obvious. In this paper, we carry out a study of the emissions of gases responsible for climate change in Asturias (Spain), a region with an important economic presence of sectors with intensive emissions of CO(2), the chief greenhouse gas. To be precise, in the first place, the volumes of direct emissions of the said gases in 1995 were calculated, showing that the sectors most affected by the Kyoto Protocol in Asturias are iron and steel and electricity production. Secondly, input-output analysis was applied to determine the direct and indirect emissions and the direct, indirect and induced emissions of the different production sectors, respectively. The results derived from the direct and indirect emissions analysis and their comparison with the results of the former allow us to reach some conclusions and environmental policy implications.     

《巴黎协定》下自愿碳市场的运行模式及对我国的影响

制定净零排放目标的企业数量快速增长助推自愿碳市场迅猛发展。由于能够吸引私营部门资金、降低新兴技术成本、助力难减排领域的减排行动,自愿碳市场可在弥合目前的减排差距方面发挥重要作用。《巴黎协定》确定的全球温升控制目标促进了碳中和行动的广泛开展,对自愿碳市场的运行提出了新的要求。本文深入分析了自愿碳市场在新气候治理阶段中面临的机遇和挑战,识别了影响未来自愿碳市场运行的关键要素,总结了自愿碳市场的四种主要运行模式及其发展路径。同时,本文从项目开发商、需求侧企业和政府等三个层面系统分析了新形势下自愿碳市场对我国的影响并给出了对策建议。     

应用大气化学模型解析华北地区大气氮沉降时空分布特征及影响因素

本研究基于大气化学传输模型模拟结果,分析了2005—2015年华北地区大气氮沉降的时空分布特征,通过对2005年和2015年的结果进行模型敏感性实验,定量分析了全国和华北本地的人为源排放以及气象场对华北地区氮沉降年际变化的贡献。结果表明：(1)2005—2015年华北地区氮沉降年均量为28.7 kg·hm^-2·a^-1(以N计,余同),其中18.7 kg·hm^-2·a^-1来自还原态氮(NH_x),10.0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1来自氧化态氮(NO_y)。湿沉降占比为56%(16.1 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),略高于干沉降(12.6 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)。氮沉降的高值主要集中在华北的东南地区,低值集中在华北的西北地区,整体呈夏季高冬季低的季节特征。(2)2005—2015年,华北地区氮沉降整体呈先增加后减少的趋势,波动范围在27....