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971.
中国污水处理厂甲烷排放研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
基于实测排放因子矩阵和排放源(污水处理厂)层面的活动水平,较为彻底地自下而上核算了中国2012年所有污水处理厂的CH4排放量.结果表明,中国污水处理厂总CH4排放为52642t,其中生活污水处理厂排放39921t,占75.84%,工业污水处理厂排放12721t,占24.16%.福建、江苏、浙江等省的CH4排放量最高,宁夏、青海、西藏等省的排放量最低.生活污水处理厂的CH4排放占主体,主要原因是全国生活污水处理厂去除的COD量远高于工业污水处理厂的去除量.全国仅福建和江苏两省的工业污水处理厂的CH4排放量超过了生活污水处理厂的排放量.相比国家信息通报2005年排放结果,本研究的结果比其低,主要是由活动水平和排放因子的差异造成.中国99.93%的城市污水处理厂年平均COD进口浓度都低于1000mg/L,85.94%的工业污水处理厂年平均COD进口浓度低于1000mg/L,导致厌氧工艺处理的COD量较少.中国污水处理厂去除掉的COD量仅是全国COD总去除量的小部分,而大多数(64.98%)的COD是在工业企业内部被去除掉的,而这部分废水的COD浓度较高,故企业内部的废水处理应该是污水处理部门主要的CH4排放源.此外,还有相当于全国COD产生量三分之一的COD排入自然环境,这一环节的排放因子研究较为缺乏. 相似文献
972.
973.
The impact of environmental regulation on technology innovation is a hot spot in current research where a large number of empirical studies are based on Porter Hypothesis (PH). However, there are still controversies in academia about the establishment of “weak” and “narrow” versions of PH. Based on the panel data of application for patent of energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) technology of Chinese city scale during 2008–2014, comprehensive energy price, pollutant emission, etc., mixed regression model and systematic generalized method of moments method were adopted, respectively, to study the impact of market-oriented and command-and-control policy tool on China’s ECER technology innovation. The results show that the environmental regulation hindered the technological innovation in the immediate phase; however, it turned out to be positive in the first-lag phase. Hence, the establishment of “weak” PH is time-bounded. The command-and-control policy tool played a more positive role in promoting technological innovation in the first-lag phase than market-oriented policy tool. Therefore, “narrow” PH is not tenable. The reason is that the main participants of China’s ECER technology innovation are state-owned companies and public institutions. Regionally speaking, the impact which command-and-control policy tool has on technological innovation at sight was non-significant in the eastern, the central, and the western regions of China whilst market-oriented policy tool had a negative effect. And market-oriented policy tool in the central region had strongest negative effect, which would diminish in the eastern region and become weakest in the western region. This was related to regional energy consumption level and the market economic vitality. 相似文献
974.
Petra Kastner-Klein Evgeni Fedorovich Jean-Fran Ois Sini Patrice G. Mestayer 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,65(1-2):353-361
In urban conditions, car exhaust gases are often emitted inside poorly ventilated street canyons. One may suppose however that moving cars can themselves produce a certain ventilation effect in addition to natural air motions. Such ventilation mechanism is not sufficiently studied so far. A similarity criterion relating the vehicle- and wind-induced components of turbulent motion in an urban street canyon was proposed in 1982 by E. J. Plate for wind tunnel modelling purposes. The present study aims at further evaluation of the criterion and its applicability for a variety of wind and traffic conditions. This is accomplished by joint analyses of data from numerical simulations and wind tunnel measurements. 相似文献
975.
Solutions of the pollution transport problem and its adjoint are used to monitor mean pollution concentration in an ecologically important zone. Four strategies of control over pollutants released into the atmosphere by industrial plants are suggested. They differ by the restrictions imposed on the emission rate of each plant. All the strategies use solutions of the adjoint transport problem and assure the fulfillment of the sanitary norm in the zone. A linear interpolation of these strategies also brings pollution level in the zone down to the sanitary norm. A method of detecting the plants violating the prescribed emission rates is also given. A simple example is given to illustrate the strategies suggested. 相似文献
976.
G. Calori S. Finardi A. Nanni P. Radice S. Riccardo A. Bertello F. Pavone 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(3):329-335
An evaluation of the air quality based on the combined use of monitoring data, dynamic emission inventories, and three-dimensional
modeling has been performed in an area in North West Italy. Yearly maps of the pollutants of most concern have been produced
by means of an Eulerian modeling system, run for two nested domains. The system is based on MINERVE diagnostic meteorological
model, TREFIC (TRaffic Emission Factors Improved Calculation) traffic emission module, and farm air quality regional chemical-transport
model. The zooming approach has allowed to correctly reproduce local concentrations in the small urban area in the inner domain
as well as to quantify the role played by selected local sources respect to distant ones. The study of the impact of the future
car fleet, pointing out the expected improvement for nitrogen oxides and the persisting problem of PM, provides a rationale
for air quality governance. 相似文献
977.
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Indian Forests 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The forestry sector can not only sustain its carbon but also has the potential to absorb carbon from the atmosphere. India has maintained approximately 64 Mha of forest cover for the last decade. The rate of afforestation in India is one of the highest among the tropical countries, currently estimated to be 2 Mha per annum. The annual productivity has increased from 0.7 m3 per hactare in 1985 to 1.37 m3 per hectare in 1995. Increase in annual productivity directly indicates an increase in forest biomass and hence higher carbon sequestration potential. The carbon pool for the Indian forests is estimated to be 2026.72 Mt for the year 1995. Estimates of annual carbon uptake increment suggest that our forests and plantations have been able to remove at least 0.125 Gt of CO2 from the atmosphere in the year 1995. Assuming that the present forest cover in India will sustain itself with a marginal annual increase by 0.5 Mha in area of plantations, we can expect our forests to continue to act as a net carbon sink in future. 相似文献
978.
Janko Hršak Mirka Fugasš Vladimira Vadjić 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,60(3):359-366
In the environment of a lead smeltery contamination with lead, zinc and cadmium was measured over a 15-year period. Efficient bag filters were installed in order to remove dust from the flue gases. This measure of improvement resulted in a drastic reduction of lead, zinc and cadmium content in suspended particles (by 92, 94 and 89%), to a lesser extent in depositions (by 79, 75 and 68%), whereas in household dust the reduction was considerably lower (by 53, 55 and 70%). It can be assumed that household dust contains also redispersed soil particles on which the dust from the smeltery flue gases has deposited over years. To determine to what extent contaminated soil continues to cause increased population exposure directly or through plants or pastures, in the period 1981–1985 the content of metallic ions in the soil was measured at three depths. Selective solubility of soil metallic compounds was analysed in water, in 1 mol ammoniumacetate solution and in 0.05 mol ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution in relation to their solubility in suspended particles, depositions and household dust. A considerably low portion of soluble metallic compounds was found in the soil and physico-chemical characteristics of the soil and portion of metallic ions bound to fulvice and humic acids were determined. The behaviour of metallic ions in contact with soil samples was studied in laboratory and it was found that approximately 50% of lead, 70% of zinc and 7% of cadmium ions change into non-soluble or poorly soluble compounds. By qualitative phase analysis in the non-soluble fraction PbO2, Pb3P4O13, Zn(OH)2, ZnO, Fe2O3 and Cd(OH)2 were identified. 相似文献
979.
自2013年以来,珠三角地区SO2、NOx及颗粒物等污染物浓度逐渐下降,但臭氧污染日渐凸显.作为二次污染物,臭氧污染演变受到排放与气象条件共同影响.而评估本地前体物人为排放变化、外部传输和气象变化对臭氧污染演变的影响,并识别臭氧污染长期演变趋势的重要驱动因素,是开展区域臭氧污染防控的关键基础.因此,本文采用WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模拟平台,以2006—2017年广东省和中国大气污染物排放趋势清单为输入清单,以2014年的气象数据为基准年气象场,通过设置不同案例,结合观测数据,定量评估本地、外部排放变化和气象变化对珠三角秋季O3污染长期演变趋势的影响.结果表明:在2006—2017年期间,整个珠三角9—10月臭氧日最大8 h(MDA8)浓度上升主要由人为排放变化主导,平均每年贡献0.7μg·m-3,而气象条件总体上抑制了2006—2017年期间珠三角秋季臭氧MDA8浓度的增长,使得秋季臭氧MDA8浓度上升速率下降为0.2μg·m-3·a-1;人为排放变化... 相似文献
980.
本研究基于大气化学传输模型模拟结果,分析了2005—2015年华北地区大气氮沉降的时空分布特征,通过对2005年和2015年的结果进行模型敏感性实验,定量分析了全国和华北本地的人为源排放以及气象场对华北地区氮沉降年际变化的贡献。结果表明:(1)2005—2015年华北地区氮沉降年均量为28.7 kg·hm-2·a-1(以N计,余同),其中18.7 kg·hm-2·a-1来自还原态氮(NHx),10.0 kg·hm-2·a-1来自氧化态氮(NOy)。湿沉降占比为56%(16.1 kg·hm-2·a-1),略高于干沉降(12.6 kg·hm-2·a-1)。氮沉降的高值主要集中在华北的东南地区,低值集中在华北的西北地区,整体呈夏季高冬季低的季节特征。(2)2005—2015年,华北地区氮沉降整体呈先增加后减少的趋势,波动范围在27.... 相似文献