Spatial and temporal relationships between precipitation and ANPP of four types of grasslands in northern China

Precipitation is considered to be the primary resource limiting terrestrial biological activity in water-limited regions. Its overriding effect on the production of grassland is complex. In this paper, field data of 48 sites （including temperate meadow steppe, temperate steppe, temperate desert steppe and alpine meadow） were gathered from 31 published papers and monographs to analyze the relationship between above-ground net primary productivity （ANPP） and precipitation by the method of regression analysis. The results indicated that there was a great difference between spatial pattern and temporal pattern by which precipitation influenced grassland ANPP. Mean annual precipitation （MAP） was the main factor determining spatial distribution of grassland ANPP （r^2 = 0.61, P 〈 0.01）; while temporally, no significant relationship was found between the variance of AN PP and inter-annual precipitation for the four types of grassland. However, after dividing annual preeipitation into monthly value and taking time lag effect into account, the study found significant relationships between ANPP and precipitation. For the temperate meadow steppe, the key variable determining inter-annual change of ANPP was last August-May precipitation （r^2 = 0.47, P = 0.01）; for the temperate steppe, the key variable was July precipitation （r^2 = 0.36, P = 0.02）; for the temperate desert steppe, the key variable was April-June precipitation （r^2 = 0.51, P 〈 0.01）; for the alpine meadow, the key variable was last September-May precipitation （r^2 = 0.29, P 〈 0.05）. In comparison with analogous research, the study demonstrated that the key factor determining inter-annual changes of grassland ANPP was the cumulative precipitation in certain periods of that year or the previous year.     

热带海洋大气环境氯离子浓度立体化观测技术研究

目的 对热带海洋环境氯离子开展立体化观测,掌握热带海洋环境下大气氯离子浓度在空间上的分布规律,为海洋大气环境下装备产品和重大工程服役环境研究提供立体化观测数据支撑。方法 在观测海岸线附近科学选点,采用无人机搭载远程控制大气采样器开展大气氯离子浓度立体化观测,对不同空间高度氯离子浓度分布规律进行分析。结果 成功采集万宁某海岸线附近1 km×300 m×100 m区域1 a以上氯离子浓度数据,通过GIS技术分析并建立了氯离子浓度分布三维场,实现了氯离子浓度可视化,并随离海距离、离地高度剖切显示。结论 海南万宁某区域海岸线附近氯离子浓度在冬季最大,夏季最低,且在一定观测范围内,随观测高度增加而先增大、后降低,随离海距离增大而逐渐降低。     

Consequence risk analysis using operating procedure event trees and dynamic simulation

Faults due to human errors cost the petrochemical industry billions of dollars every year and can have adverse environmental consequences. Unquantified human error probabilities exist during process state transitions performed each day by process operators using standard operating procedures. Managing the risks associated with operating procedures is an essential part of managing the overall safety risk. Additional operator training and safety education cannot eliminate all such faults due to human errors; therefore, we propose an operating procedure event tree (OPET) like analysis with branches and events specifically designed to perform risk analysis on operating procedures. The OPET method adapts event trees to analyze the risk due to human error while performing operating procedures. We consider human error scenarios during the procedure and determine the likely consequences by applying dynamic simulation. The modified event tree provides an estimate of the error frequencies.Operating procedure steps were developed, and potential operator faults were determined for two typical equipment switching procedures found in chemical plant operations. Then, dynamic simulation using Aspen HYSYS software was applied to determine the overpressure related consequences of each fault. Finally, the error frequencies resulting from those scenarios were analyzed using operating procedure event trees. We found that a typical ethylene plant gas header would overpressure with 0.6% frequency per manual dryer switch. Since dryer switches occur from every few days up to once per shift, these results suggest that dryer switching should be automated to ensure safe and environmentally friendly operation. Process dryer switching performed manually by operators opening and closing gate valves can be automated with control valves and a distributed control system. A sample distillation column was found to overpressure with 0.85% frequency per manual reflux pump switch.     

Applications of dust explosion hazard and disaster prevention technology

Powdered materials are widely used in industrial processes, chemical processing, and nanoscience. Because most flammable powders and chemicals are not pure substances, their flammability and self-heating characteristics cannot be accurately identified using safety data sheets. Therefore, site staff can easily underestimate the risks they pose. Flammable dust accidents are frequent and force industrial process managers to pay attention to the characteristics of flammable powders and create inherently safer designs.This study verified that although the flammable powders used by petrochemical plants have been tested, some powders have different minimum ignition energies (MIEs) before and after drying, whereas some of the powders are released of flammable gases. These hazard characteristics are usually neglected, leading to the neglect of preventive parameters for fires and explosions, such as dust particle size specified by NFPA-654, MIE, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer, and limiting oxygen concentration. Unless these parameters are fully integrated into process hazard analysis and process safety management, the risks cannot be fully identified, and the reliability of process hazard analysis cannot be improved to facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures. Preventing the underestimation of process risk severity due to the fire and explosion parameters of unknown flammable dusts and overestimation of existing safety measures is crucial for effective accident prevention.     

事故致因“2-4”模型中“事件”与“动作”的关系探讨

为进一步完善和简化事故致因"2-4"模型,对模型中的"事件"和"动作"之间的关系进行探讨。首先,通过文献分析,确定了事件、动作和状态的定义及属性,提出了动作是事件的观点并加以图示说明。然后,以北京交通大学"12. 26"较大实验室爆炸事故为案例,对图示进行解释,详细分析了上述观点的合理性。结果表明:动作和状态是人和物都具备的,并且状态包含在动作过程中;动作、状态、事故都是事件,事件是人或物的动作,或者动作过程中的某一瞬时状态,故"2-4"模型中动作和事件是等价的,可以相互替代或混用。     

淡水环境中短链氯化石蜡的预测无效应浓度及生态风险评估

短链氯化石蜡(short-chain chlorinated paraffins, SCCPs)是《斯德哥尔摩公约》增列的一类持久性有机污染物。搜集筛选出SCCPs对8种淡水生物的慢性毒性数据,构建了物种敏感度分布曲线(SSD),推导出SCCPs的淡水预测无效应浓度(PNECwater)为0.425μg·L~(-1),淡水沉积物预测无效应浓度(PNECsed)为992.5μg·kg-1。搜集了国内外部分淡水河流水体及沉积物中SCCPs环境暴露数据,运用商值法,评估SCCPs的生态风险。结果表明,长江中游和白洋淀水体风险商范围为2.6～154.4和3.7～132.5,处于高风险;国外河流SCCPs污染水平较低,北美地区与日本淡水河流SCCPs风险商小于1,处于低风险。长江中游沉积物的SCCPs的风险商高达400.6,呈现显著风险,欧洲工业区域淡水沉积物中SCCPs存在潜在风险。本研究为SCCPs水质标准制定与环境风险管理提供参考依据。     

环境剂量磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯多代暴露对斑马鱼子代仔鱼的神经发育毒性

为探究环境剂量磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯(TDCIPP)多代暴露对生物体的影响,选取斑马鱼为模型,研究了斑马鱼暴露于0、3、30和300 ng·L~(-1)TDCIPP至3代后,对每一代子代5 dpf仔鱼神经发育的毒性效应。研究结果表明,F0代暴露于300ng·L~(-1)TDCIPP 120 d后所产F1代仔鱼的孵化率显著性下降,存活率显著性降低;但对F2代和F3代仔鱼的这些终点指标均无显著性影响。运动行为结果表明,F0代暴露于3和300 ng·L~(-1)TDCIPP 120 d会导致F1代仔鱼在光暗周期刺激下的游泳速度受到抑制,并伴随着神经元发育基因(ngn1)以及轴突生长标志基因(α1-tubulin、netrin1b和zn5)的显著性上调,相关性分析表明,游泳速度的抑制与ngn1、α1-tubulin和zn5这3个基因的表达显著相关。但对F2代仔鱼,仅300 ng·L~(-1)TDCIPP导致其游泳速度在黑暗刺激下显著性下降,且导致神经发育和再生相关基因(elavl3、gap43、gfap和shha)表达量显著性下降,但游泳速度的下降与基因表达无显著相关性。继续暴露至F3代仔鱼时,TDCIPP暴露对运动行为不再有显著影响。研究表明,环境剂量TDCIPP多代暴露对子代仔鱼具有神经发育毒性,表现为运动行为受损和神经发育相关基因表达量的改变,但毒性效应随着暴露代数的增加而减弱。     

城市高温热浪调控机制模拟研究

在全球气候变暖和城市化加速发展的共同影响下,高温热浪事件频繁发生、日趋严重。为了分析屋顶亮化、城市绿化和地表增湿在调节城市热力环境、缓解城市高温灾害中的作用,本文选择了2013年8月的高温天气过程,利用耦合了城市冠层模式的WRF模拟系统,采用屋顶亮化、屋顶绿化和地表增湿3种不同的调控方案模拟分析其对城市热环境、湿度和近地面热量通量的影响,及其不同的降温效果和影响时段。研究发现:(1)3种调控方案通过改变城市地区的辐射过程或者能量平衡过程,降低白天尤其是正午时分的近地面气温,可有效的减缓夏季城市地区的高温热浪。(2)采用地表增湿方案,当城市街道表面含水层厚度从0mm增加到3mm时,潜热通量迅速增加,感热通量迅速减少,降温迅速。这说明在白天用较少水量多次对城市街道增湿,是一种显著降温的有效方法。     

旋风除尘器流场及浓度场实验与模拟

在研究旋风除尘器内气固两相的运动状况及分离机理方面,计算机模拟替代部分实验的方法能够优化设计旋风除尘器结构参数,提高其对微细颗粒的捕集效率,减少运行压力损失。本研究采用RSM模型和随机轨道模型对旋风除尘器内流场及浓度场进行模拟及实验。研究表明,旋风除尘器压力损失模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,对于大于5μm的颗粒其捕集效率模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合;旋风除尘器外壁的颗粒浓度呈螺旋带状分布;如将排气管管径减少至原直径0.8倍,可使其对2μm颗粒捕集效率提高6.6%,但压力损失提高36.5%;颗粒的凝并作用有利于提高旋风除尘器微细颗粒的捕集效率。     

我国资源再生产业集群辨识研究

资源再生产业是解决资源危机、能源短缺和环境污染等问题的有效途径.近年来,我国资源再生产业发展迅速,在一些区域产业集群特征凸显.因此,本文采用产业集中度和区位商法,对我国资源再生产业在省域层面的集群情况进行定量分析.结果表明:我国资源再生产业集群特征非常明显,2007年产业集中度CR_4达到71.15%,广东、浙江和湖南三省已形成资源再生产业集群,2007年三省的区位商分别达到1.781、1.987、8.491;同时还发现重庆、湖北、天津、江苏、上海也初具集群雏形,为从产业集群角度探索我国资源再生产业发展模式提供依据.此外,在对广东、浙江和湖南三省产业集群进行深入分析和验证时还发现:广东、浙江模式与湖南模式具有明显不同,前者是再生资源禀赋和地方需求主导模式.而后者则是交易成本、区位交通优势和政府扶持共同作用的结果.