中国农业碳排放的空间分异与动态演进——基于空间和非参数估计方法的实证研究

为研究农业碳排放的空间分布与动态演进规律，运用1993~2017年中国大陆29个省份的面板数据，在分省测算农业碳排放量和农业碳排放强度的基础上，将空间和非参数估计方法相结合，考察了中国农业碳排放的空间分异及其动态演进.结果表明：中国农业碳排放量呈“中心-外围”模式分布，且表现出向“外围”扩散的趋势；碳排放强度呈逐渐下降的趋势，表现为西高东低的阶梯状分布特征；碳排放的地区间差距不断缩小，农业碳排放的增长分布由“二主一小”向“一主”的格局转变，与此同时，中国农业碳排放还表现出由“两极”向“多极”转变的分布格局.     

陕西三河湿地的演化与保护

陕西三河湿地位于陕西关中平原的东缘,是典型的河流温地.根据三河湿地发育的地貌、水文、植被、土壤、生物等自然背景特征,将湿地类型划分成系、类和种3个层次.在此基础上分析了三河湿地的演化,由于自然与人为因影响相互叠加,使湿地退化过程加速,针对目前湿地现状提出湿地资源保护与可持续利用的建议与对策.     

马里亚纳海槽玄武岩K-Ar定年及其地质意义

对马里亚纳海槽弧后扩张脊上所采集的玄武岩样品进行了系统的K -Ar定年 ,同时结合研究玄武岩的微量元素以及稀土元素特征后指出 ,马里亚纳海槽的张开及与之伴随发生的玄武岩浆活动自晚中新世以来一直都在进行 ,其主活动期为 2～ 4Ma。海槽玄武岩年龄在空间上具有从南到北逐渐变新的演化规律。据此 ,推断该海槽的扩张演化可能受控于该区内热区的迁移及运动规律     

Miocene to recent history of the western Altiplano in northern Chile revealed by lacustrine sediments of the Lauca basin (18°15′–18°40′ S/69°30′–69°05′W)

The intramontane Lauca Basin at the western margin of the northern Chilean Altiplano lies to the west of and is topographically isolated from the well-known Plio-Pleistocene lake system of fluvio-lacustrine origin that covers the Bolivian Altiplano from Lake Titicaca to the north for more than 800?km to the Salar de Uyuni in the south. The Lauca Basin is filled by a sequence of some 120?m of mainly upper Miocene to Pliocene clastic and volcaniclastic sediments of lacustrine and alluvial origin. Volcanic rocks, partly pyroclastic, provide useful marker horizons. In the first period (6–4?Ma) of its evolution, the 'Lago Lauca' was a shallow ephemeral lake. Evaporites indicate temporarily closed conditions. After 4?Ma the lake changed to a perennial water body surrounded by alluvial plains. In the late Pleistocene and Holocene (2–0?Ma) there was only marginal deposition of alluvial and glacial sediments. The basin formed as a half-graben or by pull-apart between 10 and 15?Ma (tectonic displacement of the basal ignimbrite sequence during the 'Quechua Phase') and 6.2?Ma (maximum K/Ar ages of biotites of tuff horizons in the deepest part of the basin). Apart from this early basin formation, there has been surprisingly little displacement during the past 6?Ma close to the Western Cordillera of the Altiplano. Also, climate indicators (pollen, evaporites, sedimentary facies) suggest that an arid climate has existed for the past 6?Ma on the Altiplano. Together, these pieces of evidence indicate the absence of large scale block-faulting, tilt and major uplift during the past 5–6?Ma in this area.     

佛冈铝质A型花岗岩的地球化学及其形成环境初探

对广东佛冈岩体的初步研究表明 ,这一以往一直被认为是典型S型花岗岩的大岩基 ,其主体 (燕山第三期 )应为铝质A型花岗岩。岩石富SiO2 [W(SiO2 )为 69 2 1 %～ 77 72 % ]、准铝质 (A/NKC =0 97～ 1 0 6)。FeO /MgO比值较高 (平均 1 0 6) ,高于S型和I型花岗岩。在微量元素组成上 ,岩体明显亏损Sr、Ba、Ti、P、Eu,富Ga和高场强元素Nb,Ta,Zr等 ,与我国东南沿海A型花岗岩和世界典型A型花岗岩微量元素分布型式相似。全岩Rb Sr等时线年龄为 1 5 8± 1 7Ma,(87Sr/86 Sr) i为 0 71 5 6。钕模式年龄为 1 2 8～ 1 64Ga。一般认为A型花岗岩来源于I型花岗岩或大量抽提了S型花岗岩物质后的地壳源区 ,本研究表明 ,佛冈岩体可能直接来源于地壳物质的部分熔融 ,但不排除有地幔物质的加入。佛冈铝质A型花岗岩 南昆山A型花岗岩 恶鸡脑碱性正长岩这一造山后至非造山的构造岩浆组合的确定 ,揭示了区内乃至整个中国东南大陆岩石圈碰撞造山运动的结束和大规模的拉张伸展运动应始于晚侏罗世 ,至白垩纪造山带山根构造完全消失、拉张 伸展作用达到高峰     

古鄱阳湖中生代盆地充填序列和演化特征

古鄱阳湖中生代盆地的研究表明，该盆地并不是简单的白垩纪盆地，而是历经多次构造旋回的复杂盆地。盆地多次成生、萎缩、上升，均是燕山运动的结果。     

Correlated evolution of male and female testosterone profiles in birds and its consequences

Circulating levels of testosterone in adults have mainly evolved as a consequence of selection on males for increased levels, while levels of circulating testosterone in females may be an indirect consequence of selection on males. A review of the literature revealed that intense directional selection for high levels of circulating testosterone in birds is likely to be mainly due to direct selection on males. A comparative study of testosterone levels in birds revealed a strong positive relationship between peak testosterone levels in adult females and peak levels in males. The slope of this relationship was significantly less than unity, implying that the testosterone levels in females have been reduced in species with high levels in males. An analysis of the order of evolutionary events suggested that peak concentration of testosterone in females changed after peak concentrations of testosterone in males. Females in colonial species of birds had significantly higher circulating peak testosterone levels compared to females of solitary species, and relative levels after controlling for the effects of peak levels in males were also larger, suggesting that any costs of high testosterone levels in females are particularly likely in colonial birds. Direct selection on male circulating testosterone levels may increase the costs that females incur from high testosterone titers. For example, high female levels may negatively affect ovulation and laying and may also affect the levels of testosterone that females deposit in their eggs and hence the exposure of pre- and post-hatching offspring to testosterone. This in turn may affect not only offspring behavior, but also offspring development and the trade-offs between growth, development of immune function, and behavior in offspring.     

Evolutionary aspects of perfume collection in male euglossine bees (Hymenoptera) and of nest deception in bee-pollinated flowers

Summary A fascinating pollination system has been evolved between perfume producing flowers and perfume collecting male euglossine bees in the neotropics. Detailed investigations have contributed to an understanding of the interactions between euglossine males and flowers as a pollination system. The role which the collected perfume plays in the reproductive behaviour of euglossine bees is not fully understood. A favoured hypothesis suggests that the collected fragrances are used as precursors for male sex pheromones and thus serve to attract conspecific males or females. It is not known how perfume collection behaviour evolved. Here, an evolutionary approach presents a new hypothesis which suggests that the evolution of perfume collection in euglossine males is based upon pre-existing signals which were attractive to females and males. It is further suggested that, at the evolutionary outset, flowers mimicked nest sites to deceive nest-seeking euglossine bees. In addition, a comparative study was undertaken on the phenomena of nest-mimicking flowers in related bee families.     

河流水质全球变化研究若干问题

本文首先简要阐述自本世纪50年代以来全球河流水质研究与水质监测的基本情况,进而就河流水质全球变化研究中的几个难点问题进行讨论。这些问题是:1)河流水质的多样性及全球参比值问题,2)河流水质监测的发展及存在问题,3)与社会-经济发展有关的河流水质全球变化趋势分析。     

Sex pheromones and attractants in the Eucosmini and Grapholitini (Lepidoptera,Tortricidae)

Summary The geometric isomers (E,E)-, (E,Z)-, (Z,E)-, and (Z,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate were identified as sex pheromone components or sex attractants in the tribes Eucosmini and Grapholitini of the tortricid subfamily Olethreutinae. Species belonging to the more ancestral Tortricinae were not attracted. Each one isomer was behaviourally active in males ofCydia andGrapholita (Grapholitini), either as main pheromone compound, attraction synergist or attraction inhibitor. Their reciprocal attractive/antagonistic activity in a number of species enables specific communication with these four compounds.Pammene, as well as otherGrapholita andCydia responded to the monoenic 8- or 10-dodecen-1-yl acetates. Of the tribes Olethreutini and Eucosmini,Hedya, Epiblema, Eucosma, andNotocelia trimaculana were also attracted to 8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetates, but several otherNotocelia to 10,12-tetradecadien-1-yl acetates. The female sex pheromones ofC. fagiglandana, C. pyrivora, C. splendana, Epiblema foenella andNotocelia roborana were identified. (E,E)- and (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate are producedvia a commonE9 desaturation pathway inC. splendana. CallingC. nigricana andC. fagiglandana females are attracted to wingfanning males.