The migration and transformation of dissolved organic matter during the freezing processes of water

This study investigated the partitioning behavior of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in liquid and ice phases, as well as the changes in the optical properties and chlorine reactivity of DOM during the freezing processes of water. DOM was rejected from the ice phase and accumulated in the remaining liquid phase during water freezing. Moreover, the decrease in freezing temperature, as well as the increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of feed water, caused an increase in DOM captured in the ice phase. The ultraviolet-absorbing compounds, trihalomethane precursors, as well as fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescent materials, were more liable to be to be rejected from the ice phase and were more easily retained in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing, as compared with organics (on average) that comprise DOC. In addition, it was also found a higher accumulation of these organics in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing at higher temperature. The freeze/thaw processes altered the quantity, optical properties, and chlorine reactivity of DOM. The decrease in ultraviolet light at 254 nm as well as the production of aromatic protein- and soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent materials in DOM due to freeze/thaw were consistently observed. On the other hand, the changes in DOC, trihalomethane formation potential, and fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescence caused by freeze/thaw varied significantly between samples.     

Coagulation behavior and floc properties of compound bioflocculant-polyaluminum chloride dual-coagulants and polymeric aluminum in low temperature surface water treatment

This study was intended to compare coagulation behavior and floc properties of two dualcoagulants polyaluminum chloride–compound bioflocculant(PAC–CBF)(PAC dose first) and compound bioflocculant–polyaluminum chloride(CBF–PAC)(CBF dose first) with those of PAC alone in low temperature drinking water treatment. Results showed that dualcoagulants could improve DOC removal efficiency from 30% up to 34%. Moreover, CBF contributed to the increase of floc size and growth rate, especially those of PAC–CBF were almost twice bigger than those of PAC. However, dual-coagulants formed looser and weaker flocs with lower breakage factors in which fractal dimension of PAC–CBF flocs was low which indicates a looser floc structure. The floc recovery ability was in the following order:PAC–CBF PAC alone CBF–PAC. The flocculation mechanism of PAC was charge neutralization and enmeshment, meanwhile the negatively charged CBF added absorption and bridging effect.     

内蒙古农牧交错带土地利用变化对作物生长季N_2O排放量的影响

在内蒙古农牧交错带,选择4个邻近、不同开垦年限(5、10和50 a)的农田,分别记为C5、C10和C50,以及天然草地作为研究样地;利用静态箱法,在2008—2010年作物生长季(4—10月)进行野外原位试验,研究了土地利用变化对N2O排放量的影响.结果表明:草地与C5、C10、C50农田土壤的N2O排放量在2008—2010年作物生长季均存在显著差异,F分别为53.8、17.3和153.0(P均小于0.001),草地N2O排放量分别为87.6、91.8和211.0 mg/m2.在2008—2010年作物生长季,C5和C10农田土壤N2O排放量比草地低10%~50%;随着开垦年限的增加,N2O累积排放量增加,C50在作物生长季的N2O排放量比草地高10%~30%.草地和不同开垦年限的农田土壤在作物生长季内N2O排放量的58.1%受土壤w(NH4+-N)和含水量的综合影响(R2=0.58,P0.01).     

地下水污染风险评价中特征污染物量化方法探讨

针对地下水污染风险评价中的外界胁迫脆弱性评价缺乏有效量化体系这一问题,通过地下水污染源解析,提出了基于特征污染物及其对应排放量的量化体系;通过特征污染物属性解析及利用层次分析法确定研究侧重点,构建了该体系中的特征污染物量化方法.将该量化方法应用于北京市地下水污染风险评价,结果表明,依据不同研究侧重点得出的3种特征污染物危害性计算结果具有明显差异,并且3种危害性排序与对应的3种属性排序亦存在差异.由此表明,确定研究侧重点的主观倾向对特征污染物危害性计算结果有决定性影响.此外,在计算过程中,以序列值的方式解决3种属性的归一化及不同类别特征污染物属性量化结果的统一,会造成不同特征污染物之间相对属性特征的放大或缩小.     

1999～2007年中国能源消费碳排放强度空间演变特征

采用Theil指数和空间自相关分析方法,研究1999～2007年国家、区域和省际层面能源碳排放强度特征、区域差异水平和空间格局演变.结果表明,①1999～2007年,全国能源碳排放总量从0.91 Gt逐年上升至1.83 Gt,碳排放强度从0.83t.万元-1震荡下降至0.79 t.万元-1;②八大经济区域碳排放强度呈现...     

非均质煤样细观力学特性的双轴压缩数值模拟

煤的微观结构特征对煤的力学特性起着重要作用。为了更加真实准确地研究非均质煤样的细观力学特性,首先通过扫描电镜(SEM)获取煤样放大8 000倍的微观结构图像;然后采用数字图像处理技术对SEM图像进行处理,构建能反映煤样较为真实结构特征的CAD矢量结构模型,并将其导入颗粒流离散元软件(PFC)建立符合煤样结构特征的数值模型;最后开展了煤样细观力学特性的双轴压缩颗粒流数值模拟。结果表明:煤作为一种混合物,它所包含的矿物质和微孔裂隙对其力学性能有重要作用;应力应变曲线有明显的峰值转折点,可以分为弹性阶段、应变软化阶段和残余阶段;煤样在双轴压缩条件下产生的宏观裂纹主要受拉伸力影响,其破裂形态不规则;在应力峰值位置附近,裂纹的增长速率最快,此时的颗粒体间平均接触力也最大,能够达到3.25×10⁸N;另外随围压和加载速率增大,应力-应变曲线形式基本保持不变,但轴向应力峰值及裂纹数逐渐增加;应力峰值对应的轴向应变与围压无确定的规律,而与加载速率呈正比关系。     

Construction utilization of foamed waste glass

Foamed waste glass (FWG) material is newly developed for the purpose to utilize the waste glassware and other waste glass. FWG has a multi-porous structure that consists of continuous or discontinuous voids. Hence lightweight but considerable stiffness can be achieved. In the present study, the manufacture and engineering properties of FWG are introduced first. Then, the utilizations of FWG are investigated in laboratory tests and field tests. Some case studies on design and construction work are also reported here. Through these studies we know that the discontinuous void material can be utilized as a lightweight fill material, ground improvement material and lightweight aggregate for concrete. On the other hand, the continuous void material can be used as water holding material for the areenina of around slope and rooftop, and as clarification material for water.     

Intensification of adsorption process by using the pyrolytic char from waste tires to remove chromium(Ⅵ) from wastewater

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable recyclable products. Pyrolytic char(PC) is one of the most important products from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applications for pyrolytic char recovered is used for the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) in the wastewater effluent to control waste by waste. The surface chemistry properties of surface element distribution / concentration and chemical structure were examined for the pyrolytic char and the commercial activated carbon(CAC) respectively. The results showed that surfaces of PC possesses a large amount of ester and hydrocarbon graft, whereas there are mainly carbon functional components of C-OH, C=O and COOH on the surface of CAC. Therefore the surface electronegativity of PC is lower than that of CAC in the water. The repulsive interactions between the surfaces of PC and the negatively charged Cr(Ⅵ) ion are weaker than that of CAC, which results in an intensification of the adsorption process by the utilization of PC. The adsorption isotherms of Cr(Ⅵ) ion on the two kinds of carbons were determined experimentally. The larger adsorption amount on the PC in the case of Cr(Ⅵ) may be attributed mainly to its special surface micro-chemical environment. The mechanism of the removal Cr(Ⅵ) from aqueous solution was assumed to be the integration of adsorption and redox reaction. The adsorption was the rate-controlled step for Cr(Ⅵ) removal. The adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) has been identified as pseudo-second- order kinetics. The rate constants of adsorption have been evaluated.     

中国地区气溶胶类型变化及其辐射效应研究

利用AERONET网站中国地区各区域多个站点长期的观测数据,通过各类气溶胶光学特性的差异（Extinction Angstrom Exponent,EAE;Single Scattering Albedo,SSA）将中国地区华北区域北京、香河站点,华东区域太湖站点,华南区域香港站点,西北区域SACOL站点气溶胶进行分类分析其气溶胶占比特征及年际变化,并进一步研究不同地区各类气溶胶光学及辐射特性差异.研究结果表明,不同地区各类气溶胶占比特征显著,华北区域北京、香河站点混合吸收型气溶胶Type5占比最多,分别占比35%、31%;其次为城市/工业型气溶胶Type3和Type4;华东区域以Type3、Type4和Type5三类气溶胶为主,分别占比32%、26%、25%;华南区域Type3、Type4气溶胶占比最为突出,占比分别达到46%、21%.西北区域Type5占比高达45%,出现高达34%的沙尘型气溶胶Type7.以不同地区各类气溶胶占比特征为基础,不同气溶胶的年际变化趋势差异较大.不同地区各类气溶胶光学特性参数（AOD（Aerosol Optical Depth）、EAE、SSA）年变化特征表明,华北、华东区域AOD减少、EAE变化小、SSA增大;华南区域整体AOD增大,但近年来AOD显著减少、EAE变化小、SSA增大;西北区域AOD增大、EAE增大、SSA减少,即除了西北区域外,其余区域环境空气质量逐渐好转,粒子尺度变化较小,吸收能力下降.地表气溶胶直接辐射强迫效率（ARFE-BOA）结果显示,除华东区域太湖站点外,Type1对地表的降温冷却作用最大,绝对值均大于210 W·m^-2,其次为Type2,即吸收型粒子对地表的贡献大于散射型粒子;关于ARFE-TOA的平均特征,Type4或Type7对大气顶的降温冷却作用最强,而各类气溶胶对大气层的加热作用与ARFE-BOA的平均特征类似,吸收型细粒子对大气层的加热作用较强.     

浙江省环境质量演变趋势分析及预测研究

选择2011—2020年浙江省地表水、空气和酸雨监测数据,结合社会经济发展统计数据,从社会经济与环境质量间协调性角度探讨“十二五”及“十三五”浙江省环境质量演变趋势,并在此基础上对“十四五”期间环境质量进行科学合理的预测。分析结果表明,2011—2020年环境质量不断向良好状态发展,通过动态耦合模型得到的耦合度由2011年的34.6°上升到2020年的55.4°,社会经济发展与环境质量协调发展水平呈现上升态势。采用灰色预测法和时间序列模型对环境质量进行预测,模拟结果显示,预计到2025年地表水优良率将达到92%,满足功能要求断面比例达到95%,设区城市空气质量优良天数比例达到92%,酸雨率平均为40%。正确认识社会经济发展与环境质量变化之间的耦合规律,并对环境质量进行合理预测,能够为促进社会经济与生态环境的协调发展提供理论依据,为深入打好污染防治攻坚战提供有力支撑。