中国生物质燃烧大气污染物排放清单

根据2000—2007年各省市生物质燃烧消耗量和排放因子,估算了中国大陆生物质燃烧所导致的NOx、SO2、CO、CO2、CH4、NMHC、PM、BC排放量,并给出了分省区、分生物质类型的排放清单.研究表明,2007年中国生物质燃烧排放的NOx、SO2、CO、CO2、CH4、NMHC、PM和BC排放量分别为109万t,17万t,5930万t,94663万t,220万t,303万t,362万t和43万t,2000—2007年均增长率分别为2.7%、3.0%、2.5%、2.6%、2.5%、2.2%、2.6%和2.6%;生物质燃烧排放的污染物在地区间的分布极不均衡,排放量较大的包括山东、河南、黑龙江、安徽、河北等省区;各类生物质燃烧对不同污染物排放量的贡献差异显著,其中秸秆和薪柴燃烧是NOx、CO、CO2、CH4、NMHC、PM和BC排放的最主要来源,二者合计贡献了95%左右的排放量;而秸秆和薪柴对SO2的贡献率仅占74%,牲畜粪便燃烧由于排放因子相对较高而导致其对SO2的贡献率为19%.     

基于社会经济核算矩阵的江西省氮磷减排调控方案研究

通过编制江西省2002年包含环境账户的社会经济核算矩阵(ESAM)研究了江西省征收排污费与分类实施氮磷营养盐减排补贴对18个产业生产收益的影响。研究结果表明:不同氮磷减排调控方案对各产业产值的边际影响存在差异。总体上看,除部分服务业,调整氮磷排污费的征收标准对各部门生产收益的整体影响并不大,氮磷排放越少的产业受调控影响的产值变化较大;而调整氮（或磷）营养盐的减排补贴对各产业生产收益的边际影响较为显著,氮（或磷）排放越多的产业生产收益增加幅度越大,污染治理部门及其他氮（或磷）排放不太相关的产业生产收益变化甚微。综合比较3种减排调控方案,实施氮磷营养盐减排补贴对江西省产业发展影响最为显著     

城市人为热排放分类研究及其对气温的影响

随着城市化进程日益加速,城市热岛现象愈发严重。利用上海市近50 a各区县月均温数据,统计分析了各区与崇明夏季每5 a均温差,发现热岛效应由市区中心向郊区延伸,范围越来越大,特别是20世纪80年代开始温差呈较大幅增加,城市热岛现象显著;在前人工作的基础上,分析热岛产生机制中的主要原因之一：城市中人为热排。绘制人为热排放流程图,并将城市人为热源进行分类,分析所有可能成为人为热排放源的设施以便定性及控制研究;对供给,消费和排出3种阶段的计算方法进行对比归纳,根据目的不同分别使用;分别计算燃油排热和燃煤排热以估算上海市人为热排放总量,统计上海市区和郊区的年均温及年均温差随时间变化及其与人为热排放之间的关系,发现两者之间有很好的相关性;最后就上海市夏季空调使用排热对上海市温度影响进行了定性研究,数字化上海市航片得到上海市建筑物分布图,假设楼层和空调密度之间存在相关性,发现空调排热与地面温度反演有着非常良好的一致性,同时也是造成上海城市高温的主要因素之一     

危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧系统焚烧特性研究

危险废物的处理和处置是摆在我国各级市政府面前的紧迫任务。然而我国已经运行的危险废物焚烧装置普遍存在回转窑挂壁结渣、热灼减率偏高和污染排放超标等问题,作者通过将回转窑和流化床特点相结合的方法提出了一种新型危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧处置装置。该装置采用回转窑(一燃室)、二燃室和流化床结合的热解-流化焚烧工艺,特别是采用控制窑头温度避免了回转窑挂壁结渣;采用流化冷渣装置延长未燃烬渣的焚烧时间,解决了热灼减率偏高问题;水冷式烟气急冷装置可以将烟气温度从1 100℃降到200℃,防止了二恶英的尾部低温再生成。该系统运行稳定可靠,可以处理医疗垃圾和大多数的固态和液态危险废物,实现了烟气污染物尤其是二恶英排放达到国家标准的目标。同时对该系统运行时窑头温度分布、二燃室炉膛出口氧量变化、回转窑和炉膛升温特性、燃烧室外壁温度分布等几方面运行数据都进行了详细的介绍,为危险废物焚烧炉的运行提供了宝贵的经验数据。     

不同加载速率下煤体裂隙演化特征分析

为研究加载速率对煤体裂隙演化的影响,开展不同加载速率下煤体单轴压缩试验;以原煤试件为研究对象,采用数字散斑技术和声发射技术,分析煤体力学参数、变形场演化云图和声发射信号参数三者之间的关系。结果表明:煤体的抗压强度和弹性模量随着加载速率的增加逐渐增大,抗压强度增加了25.49%,弹性模量增加了51.55%;煤体变形场演化云图和声发射事件空间分布可以表明裂隙发育、扩展及破裂的整个过程;随着加载速率的增大,煤体破坏类型由张拉破坏变为张拉剪切复合型破坏,煤体表面变形场局部化带的相对位移速率量值逐渐减小,声发射峰值计数、峰值能量和声发射事件数均出现增加趋势,累计计数、累积能量则降低;变形场演化云图和声发射事件的空间分布能较好反映煤体受载过程中裂隙的发育、扩展及破裂的演化特征。     

基于力电耦合冲击矿压电磁辐射预测法的研究

笔者首先提出了煤岩变形破裂过程电磁辐射与应力耦合的概念,然后在实验研究、理论分析和数值模拟的基础上从力电耦合的角度研究了煤岩冲击矿压预测的电磁辐射法(EME).研究结果表明:FLAC3D方法能对矿山巷道掘进过程煤岩内部应力场进行有效的数值模拟;电磁辐射信号主要来源于应力集中区,在场点监测到的电磁辐射信号主要是应力集中区煤岩变形破裂过程产生的;EME信号呈现出与煤岩内部应力变化相同的规律;利用力电耦合方法研究煤岩冲击矿压电磁辐射预测法是可行的.笔者最后还对未来煤岩冲击矿压电磁辐射预测法的研究进行了展望.     

法经济学视角下构建排污权交易价格机制

通过对我国试点地区排污权交易的实践总结,指出排污权交易价格机制目前尚未真正构建,排污权交易价格在初始分配及市场交换过程中存在市场化程度低、行政管理职能界定不清晰、相关法律法规缺失等突出问题。排污权交易价格机制的特点及学科属性决定了基于法经济学视角构建其价格机制的必要性。从法经济学视角出发结合不同市场特点提出若干完善建议:一级市场中的初始价格制定遵循公平与效率原则、采用成本—收益分析法及完善行政管理职能;二级市场中通过完善排污权交易供求机制推动价格机制的形成、搭建交易平台以及健全相关法律制度促进价格机制的运行。     

Emission of CO2, CH4 and N2O from freshwater marsh in northeast of China

The wetlands play an important role in carbon storage, especially at high latitudes, at which they store nearly one-third of global soil carbons. However, few studies have investigated the emissions of CO(2), CH(4) and N(2)O in the long-term, especially effects of freeze-thaw cycles on these gases emissions in freshwater marsh ecosystems. In this paper, we collected greenhouse gas emission data from a freshwater marsh area in China for 4 years, evaluated their release variables and speculated on their potential atmospheric impact. For this paper, we report on the CO(2), CH(4) and N(2)O emission rates recorded from June 2002 to November 2005 in the Sanjiang Plain of northeast China. We measured their interannual variations and fluctuations, as well as factors affecting their emissions, and estimated their regulation and freeze-thaw cycle impacts. Our results revealed obvious CO(2) and CH(4) emission fluctuations during the winter months, and during the freeze-thaw cycle, and a strong interannual variation during the growing season. Overall, we documented a close relationship between the CO(2) and CH(4) emissions, implicating some regulatory commonality. We determined that the marsh was a N(2)O sink during the winter, but a significant source of N(2)O during the freeze-thaw cycle as the temperature increased, especially in early summer. During the thaw-freeze period, the N(2)O levels were positively correlated with the water depth. Additionally, water depth greatly governed the interannual variation of the N(2)O emissions from the marshes during the thaw-freeze period.     

Emissions trading,equity, and sustainability: the case for allocating entitlements to “individuals-in-community”

Given the likelihood that a post-Kyoto climate change agreement will include provisions for trading greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rights (carbon credits), it is timely and important to look more closely into the merits (or otherwise) of emissions trading systems (ETS), in particular with regard to the issue of the allocation and distribution of entitlements. Thus far, ETSs and other tradable permit systems have allocated entitlements to those historically responsible for emissions or the exploitation of resources (the “grandfathering” principle). There are, however, strong reasons for challenging this practice, and for advocating the allocation of entitlements to all people, in line with the per capita distribution principle. This article argues that GHG emission rights, if they are to be granted, should be distributed on a globally determined equal per capita basis, but collectively managed by community bodies (Community Carbon Trusts) on an “individuals-in-community” basis, instead of being granted or sold by governments to (big) emitters. The approach advocated here is not only ethically more justified, but also strengthens the capacity of communities to deal with climate change and to advance sustainability. It offers an example of how a significant environmental challenge can be met in a more positive way than by the prevailing approaches based on narrow, mainly economic, considerations.