COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUE OF COMMON CARP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING1

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from four sites in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (So), and zinc (Zn). Concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole body. Generally, trace element concentrations were the greatest in livers while concentrations in whole bodies were greater than those in muscle for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and concentrations in muscle were similar to whole body for As and Se. Concentrations of Cr were lower in liver than either muscle or whole body. Correlations between liver and whole body concentrations were stronger than those between liver and muscle concentrations, but the strongest correlations were between muscle and whole body concentrations. Examination of tissue concentrations by collection sites suggested that, for a general survey, the whole body may be the most effective matrix to analyze.     

Impact of Atmospheric Long Range Transport of Lead,Mercury and Cadmium on the Swedish Forest Environment

Emissions of Hg, Pb, and Cd to air aretransported over wide areas in Europe and deposited far awayfrom their sources. About 80% of the atmospheric depositionof these metals in south Sweden originate from emissions inother countries. As a result of the increased anthropogenicdeposition the concentrations of Hg, Pb, and Cd in the morlayer of forest soils have increased considerably, mainlyduring the 20th century. Although the atmosphericdeposition of these elements has declined during the mostrecent decades, the reduction of the input of Hg and Pb isnot sufficient to prevent a further accumulation. Theconcentrations of Hg and Pb are still increasing by ca. 0.5and ca. 0.2% annually in the surface layer of forest soils.In contrast, the Cd concentration is currentlydecreasing in a large part of Sweden as a result of bothdeposition decreases and enhanced leaching induced by soilacidification. The accumulation factors of Hg and Pb,especially in the forest topsoils of south Sweden, arealready above those at which adverse effects on soilbiological processes and organisms have been demonstrated instudies of gradients from local emission sources andlaboratory assessment. There are also indications of sucheffects at the current regional concentrations of Hg and Pbin mor layers from south Sweden, judging from observationsin field and laboratory studies. There is an apparent riskof Pb induced reduction in microbial activity over parts ofsouth Sweden. This might cause increased accumulation oforganic matter and a reduced availability of soil nutrients.At current concentrations of Hg in Swedish forest soils,effects similar to those of Pb are likely. Increasedconcentrations of these elements in organs of mammals andbirds have also been measured, though decreases have beendemonstrated in recent years, related to changes inatmospheric deposition rates. As a result of current andpast deposition in south Sweden, concentrations of Hg infish have increased about fivefold during the 20thcentury. This implies risks for human health, when fish frominland waters are used for food. Although the concentrationof Hg in fish has decreased ca. 20% during the last decade,probably as a result of the reduced deposition, the levelstill exceeds the general limit (0.5 mg kg^-1) in about half(ca. 40 000) of the Swedish lakes. In order to reduceconcentrations in fish to the level recommended, and avoidfurther accumulation of Hg in soils, the atmosphericdeposition has to be reduced to ca. 20% of the current deposition rate. This can only be achieved by international co-operation.     

Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm,Sweden

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb andZn) and arsenic (As) were surveyed and the metal pools estimatedin soils in Stockholm Municipality. The sampling sites were distributed all over the entire municipality with a higher sampling density in the city centre. Soils were sampled to a maximum depth of 25 to 60 cm. Soil texture, total-C content, electrical conductivity and pH were analysed. Heavy metal concentrations were determined after wet digestion with boiling7 M HNO₃.The results showed a wide range in heavy metal concentrations, as well as in other soil properties. The city centre soils constituted a rather homogeneous group whereas outside this areano geographical zones could be distinguished. These soils were grouped based on present land use, i.e. undisturbed soils, public parks, wasteland (mainly former industrial areas), and roadside soils. The city centre and wasteland soils generally hadenhanced heavy metal concentrations to at least 30 cm depth compared to park soils outside the city centre and rural (arable)soils in the region, which were used to estimate background levels. For example, the mean Hg concentration was 0.9 (max 3.3)mg kg^-1 soil at 0–5 cm and 1.0 (max 2.9) at 30 cm depth in the city centre soils, while the background level was 0,04 mg kg^-1. Corresponding values for Pb were 104 (max 444) and135 (max 339) mg kg^-1, at 0–5 and 30 cm, respectively, while the background level was 17 mg kg^-1.The average soil pools (0–30 cm depth) of Cu, Pb and Zn were 21,38 and 58 g m^-2 respectively, which for Pb was 3–4 timeshigher and for Cu and Zn 1.5–2 times higher than the backgroundlevel. The total amount of accumulated metals (down to 30 cm)in the city centre soils (4.5^*10 ⁶ m² public gardens and green areas) was estimated at 80, 1.1, 120 and 40 t for Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively. The study showed (1) thatfrom a metal contamination point of view, more homogeneous soilgroups were obtained based on present land use than on geographicdistance to the city centre, (2) the importance of establishing a background level in order to quantify the degree of contamination, and (3) soil samples has to be taken below the surface layer (and deeper than 30 cm) in order to quantify theaccumulated metal pools in urban soils.     

大豆种子萌发对镉与模拟酸雨胁迫的响应

为了解土壤中镉(Cd)与酸雨对作物种子萌发的环境生物学效应,采用种子常规萌发试验研究了不同浓度的Cd~(2+)溶液与模拟酸雨复合污染对大豆种子萌发过程中发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数变化的影响.结果表明,Cd~(2+)对大豆种子萌发的毒害作用比酸雨明显,是构成复合污染的主要因素.Cd~(2+)和酸雨复合污染对大豆种子发芽率和发芽势有显著的正交互作用效应,即存在协同作用.Cd~(2+)与酸雨复合污染对大豆种子发芽指数和活力指数都有影响,但不表现出显著的交互作用效应,表明复合污染对这两项指标是两种污染物单因素效应的简单叠加.综合考虑,Cd~(2+)与酸雨复合污染对大豆种子萌发表现出明显的协同作用.     

长江流域地表水中镉生态风险的区域差异分析

围绕长江流域地表水中镉（Cd）的水质基准和生态风险的区域差异展开分析.首先,根据我国《淡水水生生物水质基准——镉》推荐的方法,结合长江流域地表水的硬度分布对Cd长期水质基准值进行了校正;在此基础上,考虑长江流域的物种区系特征,进一步修正得到了Cd长期水质风险阈值,并依此阐释了长江流域的Cd长期水质风险阈值分布和风险商分布的区域差异性.结果发现,经硬度校正和物种修正后,长江流域不同城市间Cd长期水质风险阈值的最大值为0.75 μg·L^-1,最小值为0.08 μg·L^-1,二者相差近10倍;不同城市间Cd风险商的最高值为1.12,最低值为0.035,二者相差达32倍.长江流域上中游交界区和洞庭湖水系等重点区域的Cd生态风险高,尚需深入研究.     

方解石基组配钝化剂与低积累玉米协同修复效果

针对典型北方碱性镉和铅复合污染农田土壤,开展土壤钝化与低积累农作物协同修复田间试验,以方解石作为主量钝化材料,分别复配少量熟石灰、沸石粉和生物炭形成组配钝化剂.研究在CL(方解石+熟石灰)、CZ(方解石+沸石)、CB(方解石+生物炭)和CLZB(方解石+熟石灰+沸石+生物炭)不同组配条件下,对土壤理化性质、重金属Cd和...     

TOA-MIBK萃取火焰原子吸收法同时测定土壤及蔬菜中铅镉

用氢氟酸、硝酸、高氯酸消化土壤样品,干灰化法消解蔬菜样品,用相对TOA-MIBK系统萃取,火焰原子吸收光谱法在同一条件下测定土壤、蔬菜中的铅、镉。在选定条件下,测得土壤铅、镉的相对标准偏差分别为2．3％～4．4％和3．0％～4.3％,蔬菜铅、镉的相对标准偏差分别为2．9％～4．5％和2．6％～4．5％;土壤铅、镉的回收率分别为96％～104％和95％～101％,蔬菜铅、镉的回收率分别为93％～102％92％104％。由测定结果得出离公路越近,蔬菜、土壤铅、镉含量越高。     

微塑料与Cd交互作用对小麦种子发芽的生态毒性研究

为探究微塑料、重金属以及二者的交互作用对农作物种子生长特性的影响,选取小麦(Triticum aestivum L)为实验对象,开展土壤中微塑料聚乙烯(mPE)和聚丙烯(mPP)(0,10,50,100,200,500,1000,5000和10000mg/kg)与重金属镉(Cd)(0,1和5mg/kg)单一及复合污染对...     

原生滩涂植被演替带土壤Cd形态分布及其生态风险评价

为了解原生滨海滩涂不同植被演替带土壤镉(Cd)的含量特征、赋存形态及生态风险,以盐城地区原生滨海滩涂为研究对象,利用BCR 3步提取法分析了不同植被演替带土壤Cd的含量及赋存形态,并采用平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)和风险评价准则(RAC)对Cd的潜在生态风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,原生滩涂土壤中总Cd(CdT)含量在2.21~3.61 mg·kg~(-1)之间,远高于江苏沿海土壤Cd背景值和国家土壤环境质量三级标准;不同植被演替带间,CdT含量表现为互花米草滩碱蓬滩芦苇滩光滩;SQG-Q系数显示该地区土壤CdT处于中等风险,互花米草滩风险相对较高;总体上原生滩涂土壤中可还原态Cd比例较低(12.8%),而酸溶态、可氧化态、残渣态三者差异不大(分别为28.2%、29.8%,29.2%);互花米草滩和芦苇滩酸溶态Cd比例(30.5%、37.0%)显著高于碱蓬滩和光滩(28.2%、20.6%),而残渣态Cd(21.5%、20.9%)则显著低于碱蓬滩和光滩(41.5%、45.6%);RAC评价结果显示,滩涂土壤Cd总体上呈现中等风险,而互花米草滩和芦苇滩达到高风险。以上结果显示,原生滨海滩涂土壤Cd已存在一定的生态风险,其中互花米草滩风险相对较高,随着互花米草的扩张及围垦面积的扩大,其重金属风险值得关注。     

啤酒酵母吸附镉离子的试验研究

研究了啤酒酵母对镉的生物吸附过程．结果表明．啤酒酵母吸附镉的速度是非常快的;pH对镉的吸附影响较大,吸附较佳的pH范围为4～8,并且啤酒酵母有调节pH的作用,pH为4～8的溶液在吸附反应后,其pH接近于5．8：温度、酵母用量、Cd^2 的初始浓度对吸附均有一定的影响。实际含镉废水处理结果表明．啤酒酵母处理含镉废水是有效的。