胶团强化超滤中SDS胶团与镉离子的吸附特性

以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为表面活性剂,对含有Cd2 的水溶液进行胶团强化超滤分离.考察胶团强化超滤中表面活性剂与镉离子比值对镉离子吸附总量、截留率的影响,以及胶团与镉离子的吸附等温规律和吸附动力学规律,并对吸附机理进行了初步探讨.实验结果表明:Cd2 截留率可以达到97%以上,SDS与镉离子的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,并遵循Lagergren二级动力学规律,其吸附作用主要是化学吸附.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

Detection, isolation, and identification of cadmium-resistant bacteria based on PCR-DGGE

This study focused on the screening of cadmium-resistant bacterial strains from Pb-Zn tailing. We investigated the diversity of microbial community inhabiting Dong-san-cha Pb-Zn tailing in Beijing, China, by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of 16S rRNA gene of bacterial strain, and found two dominant strains in the DGGE profile. Using special culture media, we isolated two strong cadmium-resistant bacterial strains. On the basis of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, BIOLOG, and 16S rDNA sequencing, the two strains were identified as Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter cloacae. Minimal inhibitory concentrations （MICs） of heavy metals for the bacteria were determined. E. cloacae showed higher MIC values for heavy metals and a larger range of antibiotic resistance than B. cereus.     

Reactive oxygen species metabolism during the cadmium hyperaccumulation of a new hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii （Crassulaceae）

Sedum alfredii Hance, a newly discovered hyperaccumulator, could serve as a good material for phytoremediation Cd polluted sites. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidases (catalase (CAT); superoxide dismutase (SOD); peroxidase (POD)) in the leaf were determined when S. alfredii was treated for 15 d with various CdCl2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 800 μmol/L. The results showed that the production rate of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), which is an indicator of ROS level, reached up to the maximum at 400 μmol/L CdCl2 and then declined with the increase of CdCl2 concentration, while MDA accumulation tended to increase. CAT activity was significantly inhibited at all tested CdCl2 concentrations and SOD activity was sharply suppressed at 800 μmol/L CdCl2. However, the enhancement of POD activity was observed when CdCl2 concentration was higher than 400 μmol/L. In addition, its activity increased when treated with 600 μmol/L CdCl2 for more than 5 d. When sodium benzoate, a free radical scavenger, was added, S. alfredii was a little more sensitive to Cd toxicity than that exposed to Cd alone, and the Cd accumulation tended to decline with the increase of sodium benzoate concentration. It came to the conclusions that POD played an important role during Cd hyperaccumulation, and the accumulation of ROS induced by Cd treatment might be involved in Cd hyperaccumulation.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

“路怒症”的内外生逻辑及影响因素研究

为探索“路怒症”的内外生逻辑，运用调查问卷数据，采用灰色关联分析法从即时和长期2方面对引发路怒的原因进行分析。结果表明:在引发路怒的即时原因中，前车或其他车随意变换车道或调头、其他车辆插队或加塞、夜间行驶开远光灯是最重要的3个原因；在引发路怒的长期原因中，工作或生活压力大最易引发路怒。运用Logistic回归分析各主要路怒原因的易发驾驶人群，据此提出针对性建议，以促进城市交通安全有效治理。     

钾肥对镉的植物有效性的影响

采用室外盆栽模拟试验,研究了在镉单一污染及镉、铅复合污染的土壤中,钾肥（K₂SO₄）的施用及其施用水平对镉的植物有效性的影响.结果表明,施用钾肥可显著(p<0.05)促进小麦干重的增长,缓解重金属镉及镉、铅复合污染对小麦的毒害作用.不同施用水平的钾肥均减少了小麦对镉的吸收,降低了镉的植物有效性.随着钾肥施用水平的增加,小麦植株不同部位（根、茎叶和籽实）镉的浓度先逐渐降低而后上升,小麦植株不同部位的富集系数也呈现先降低而后上升的趋势,并且钾肥在K2水平时对镉的缓解效果最佳.施用钾肥降低了根际、非根际土壤交换态镉的含量,钾肥主要影响了小麦根际、非根际土壤中交换态、碳酸盐态镉的含量,而对铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质硫化物态和残渣态镉的影响较小.镉、铅复合处理与镉单一处理相比较,铅可促进小麦对镉的吸收,提高镉的植物有效性.     

采用XPS研究镉在蒙脱石表面的吸附机理

采用XPS方法,通过对比吸附镉前后蒙脱石表面元素结合能的变化,对镉在蒙脱石界面吸附机理进行研究.结果表明,吸附镉离子后电子由镉离子向氧、铁、硅原子转移,Al基本没有参与配位.除表面配位的化学吸附作用外,镉离子还通过与蒙脱石层间阳离子进行交换吸附而进入蒙脱石的层间.     

电动力学-新型竹炭联合作用下土壤镉的迁移吸附及其机理

研究了土壤中镉在均匀电动力学作用下的迁移特征及其影响因素,以及电场双向切换并加有新型竹炭材料条件下电动力学对镉的去除特性,揭示了利用均匀电动力学-新型竹炭材料联合修复镉污染土壤的特征及其可行性.结果表明,竹炭是一种良好的吸附材料,对镉具有较强的吸附作用,可以用 Freundlich和Langmuir模型很好的模拟吸附过程（R²>0.96）;在电压梯度为1.0 V/cm的条件下,受试土壤中Cd²⁺在均匀电动力学下的迁移速率为0.678 6～0.687 5　cm/h,并且迁移速率大小与Cd²⁺浓度和场强分布有关,电动力场可以有效地迁移土壤中的重金属离子;使用竹炭作为吸附剂的新型工艺中,在与速率实验相同的电压梯度,电场48　h的切换周期下,土壤中镉能够在电场作用下高效迁移至处理区并被吸附去除（12　d去除79.6%）,过程中可以很好地维持土壤的pH和水分条件,过程的电流随切换呈周期性的变化.电动迁移-竹炭吸附作为一种新型工艺具有广泛的应用前景.     

新型TCAS吸附树脂对水中Cd^2＋的吸附去除研究

通过静态吸附试验,研究一种由超分子受体化合物磺化硫杂杯芳烃（TCAS）与树脂结合的产物——新型TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd^2＋的吸附去除性能,并初步探讨了吸附机理。试验研究结果表明,TCAS吸附树脂对Cd^2＋的饱和吸附量为14．45mg/g。当温度为20℃,0．5gTCAS吸附树脂对10mL浓度为5113g／L的Cd^2＋溶液吸附60min时,Cd^2＋的去除率可达到99％以上。pH值是影响TCAS吸附树脂吸附效果的重要因素,在pH=5—9时,Cd^2＋的去除率随着pH值的升高而增大。在试验范围内,TCAS吸附树脂对Cd^2＋吸附符合Freundlich方程。吸附在TCAS吸附树脂上的Cd^2＋可洗脱回收,TCAS吸附树脂也可再生利用。TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd^2＋的吸附机理主要归因于TCAS对Cd^2＋的络合作用。