臭氧投量对SBR系统污泥沉降性能及脱氮除磷的影响

以污水厂冬季膨胀期污泥（SVI=280 mL·g^-1）为对象,研究了臭氧投量对SBR系统污泥沉降性能及脱氮除磷效果的影响.结果表明,低浓度投加臭氧（0.085 g·g^-1,以O₃/MLSS计）20 d后,菌丝体被打断,SVI降至125 mL·g^-1,消除了污泥膨胀,且硝化、除磷效果不受影响.高浓度投加臭氧,污泥的沉降性能反而开始恶化,除磷效率也降至60%左右.进一步研究表明,PS/PN与SVI呈正相关关系（R²=0.9381）,可表征污泥的沉降性能;臭氧除打断菌丝体外,还通过改变EPS的含量及组分影响着污泥的沉降性能.     

Fenton试剂对垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的去除特性

采用Fenton试剂处理反渗透浓缩渗滤液,通过腐殖酸相对含量(UV₂₅₄),COD_Cr,TOC,腐殖酸对COD_Cr去除的贡献比(α)及氧化/混凝去除率比(φ)等表征手段,比较不同初始pH,H₂O₂投量〔c(H₂O₂)〕和Fe2+投量〔c(Fe2+)〕对渗滤液COD_Cr和UV₂₅₄的去除效果. 结果表明:在试验范围内,UV₂₅₄去除率(48.5%～78.2%)高于COD_Cr去除率(40.3%～62.5%);腐殖酸对COD_Cr去除的贡献比(α>0.77)远高于反应前(α_〖WTBZ〗00.61),说明腐殖酸的降解影响和控制着整个体系COD_Cr的去除. 混凝作用(COD_{Cr coag},UV254 coag)受氧化作用(COD_{Cr oxid},UV254 oxid)的影响并与之拮抗,氧化作用越大混凝作用越小. 当c(H₂O₂)/c(Fe2+)>2时,氧化作用占优势;当c(H₂O₂)/c(Fe2+)<1.2时,混凝作用占主导. 当初始pH为4.0,c(H₂O₂)为240 mmol/L,c(Fe2+)为40 mmol/L,反应时间为2 h时,COD_Cr和UV₂₅₄的氧化/混凝去除率比最大(φCOD_Cr8.6,φ _<sub>UV2546.0),COD_Cr,UV₂₅₄,HA和FA去除率分别达到62.5%,78.2%,95.0%和62.7%.      

Influence of haze pollution on water-soluble chemical species in PM2.5 and size-resolved particles at an urban site during fall

To investigate the influence of haze on the chemical composition and formation processes of ambient aerosol particles,PM_(2.5) and size-segregated aerosol particles were collected daily during fall at an urban site of Gwangju,Korea.During the study period,the total concentration of secondary ionic species(SIS) contributed an average of 43.9% to the PM_(2.5) ,whereas the contribution of SIS to the PM_(2.5) during the haze period was 62.3%.The NO_3 and SO~(2-)_4 concentrations in PM_(2.5) during the haze period were highly elevated,being 13.4 and 5.0 times higher than those during non-haze period,respectively.The PM,NO~-_3,SO~(2-)_4,oxalate,water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC),and humic-like substances(HULIS) had tri-modal size distributions peaks at 0.32,1.0,and 5.2 μm during the non-haze and haze periods.However,during the non-haze period they exhibited dominant size distributions at the condensation mode peaking at 0.32 μm,while on October 21 when the heaviest haze event occurred,they had predominant droplet mode size distributions peaking at 1.00 μm.Moreover,strong correlations of WSOC and HULIS with SO~(2-)_4,oxalate,and K+at particle sizes of 1.8 μm indicate that secondary processes and emissions from biomass burning could be responsible for WSOC and HULIS formations.It was found that the factors affecting haze formation could be the local stable synoptic conditions,including the weak surface winds and high surface pressures,the long-range transportation of haze from eastern China and upwind regions of the Korean peninsula,as well as the locally emitted and produced aerosol particles.     

汽车禁用物质控制方法研究与应用

本文分析了汽车禁用有害物质现状及相关法规和政策要求,探索汽车产品禁限用有害物控制方法,建立汽车产品绿色材料数据系统。企业通过实践,有效控制汽车产品禁限用有害物质的使用。     

我国化学品分类和标签与GHS的差距分析

为明确我国现阶段实施GHS存在的问题,促使我国化学品分类和标签满足GHS要求。研究了我国化学品分类标准、标签标准与GHS存在的差距。发现了《危险化学品名录》没有分类标准,并且未涵盖GHS爆炸物中的不稳定爆炸物和1.2项、1.5项、1.6项爆炸物,易燃气溶胶,以及除急性毒性以外的健康危害和环境危害的化学品,剧毒化学品、有毒物质存在不同监管部门分类标准不统一,现行多套危险化学品标签标准问题。提出了在《危险化学品名录》中明确规定危险性分类标准;统一剧毒化学品、有毒品分类标准;在相关的危险化学品法规中明确规定危险化学品标签应符合的标准。     

室温低氨氮基质单级自养脱氮颗粒污泥启动效能与污泥特性

室温低氨氮基质条件下单级自养脱氮工艺的启动和稳定运行是该工艺应用于市政污水处理的前提和基础.本研究在气升式反应器中接种久置的PN/A(partial nitritation and ANAMMOX)颗粒污泥,控制温度在(23±2)℃,pH在7. 7～8. 0,以氨氮浓度为70 mg·L~(-1)的人工无机配水为基质,考察单级部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化实现室温启动效能.通过逐级缩短HRT(1. 1 h→0. 9 h→0. 7 h→0. 5 h)提升氮负荷[1. 53 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)→1. 87 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)→2. 40 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)→3. 36kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)],逐步恢复AOB、AMX菌活性以及微生物协同效能.经过95 d运行调控,反应器成功启动,NH_4~+-N和TN去除率达85%和69%.根据各阶段污泥性能,严格控制溶解氧,有效抑制NOB.污泥适应环境后,颗粒粒径随负荷提升逐渐增大,最终平均粒径达1. 30 mm.成熟的自养颗粒污泥轮廓光滑清晰,扫描电镜显示,颗粒污泥内部形成空腔,表面有孔隙,污泥形态以球菌为主,并有少量杆菌及短杆菌. EPS主要成分为蛋白质(81. 48%),泥水分离效果较好.     

腐殖质及其模型化合物的H2O2光化学生成研究

在模拟太阳光下研究了多种腐殖质及其模型化合物的过氧化氢（H₂O₂）生成动力学,并对其生成机制进行了探讨.结果表明不同来源或不同形式的腐殖质在模拟太阳光照射下均能产生H₂O₂.不同腐殖质生成H₂O₂速率差异不大,范围为6.379~15.784nmol/（L·min）,腐殖酸生成H₂O₂速率略快于富里酸.对于腐殖质模型化合物,邻苯二酚、间苯二酚、对苯二酚、苯醌、邻茴香胺、对茴香胺、水杨酸和2,6-二甲氧基-1,4-苯醌等8种模型化合物没有产生明显的H₂O₂,而藜芦醇、对氨基苯甲酸、3,5-二羟基苯甲酸（DHBA）、2,5-二羟基-1,4-苯醌、苯酚、苯甲酸和苯胺等7种化合物均可检测到H₂O₂产生.但其产生H₂O₂的速率差异较大,相差1~2个数量级,生成H₂O₂速率最快的化合物为2,5-二羟基-1,4-苯醌和DHBA,较慢的为苯酚、苯甲酸和对氨基苯甲酸.基于腐殖质生成H₂O₂机制,推测典型模型化合物DHBA的H₂O₂生成机制可能为光照条件下该化合物跃迁为单重激发态,该激发态发生分子内电子转移,生成还原性自由基中间体,该中间体和O₂反应,生成了超氧负离子（O₂·^-）,随后与水中H⁺反应生成了H₂O₂.     

以污水流行病学监测广西某市12个污水处理厂服务区域精神活性物质的消耗量

精神活性物质滥用和使用量逐年递增正成为社会稳定、环境健康新的关注点。准确地估算某一地区这类化合物的消耗总量是管理这类物质的关键。本研究对中国广西某市12个污水处理厂(wastewater treatment plants,WWTPs)服务区域中的8种精神活性物质消耗量进行了调查。首先,采用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了广西某市12个WWTPs进水中8种精神活性物质的浓度,检测到在<方法检测(method detection limit,MDL)至170.9 ng·L^-1范围内的5种精神活性物质。然后,依据污水流行病学(wastewater-based epidemiology,WBE)进行消耗量反算。结果表明,氯胺酮(ketamine,KET)、吗啡(morphine,MOR)、冰毒(methamphetamine,METH)、摇头丸(3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,MDMA)是主要检出的精神活性物质,平均消耗量分别为682.4、167.8、44.6、11.3 mg·d^-1·1000inh^-1;而可卡因(cocaine,COC)、苯甲酰爱康宁(benzoylecgonine,BE)、甲卡西酮(methcathinone,MC)没有被检出。对WWTPs进水中精神活性物质的残留进行分析,估算这些物质在特定区域的消耗量,为防控风险提供支持。     

Biotoxicity evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles on bacterial performance of activated sludge at COD,nitrogen, and phosphorus reduction

• ZnO-NP disrupted metabolic/catabolic balance of bacteria by affecting DHA activity. • ZnO-NPs toxicity was related to Zn²⁺ ion, interaction with cell and ROS generation. • Exposure to ZnO-NPs resulted in changed bacterial community structure at sludge. • The change in the EPS content was observed during exposure to ZnO-NPs. The unique properties and growing usage of zinc oxide nanoparticles increase their release in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, these nanoparticles, by interacting with microorganisms, can fail the suitable functioning of biological systems in treatment plants. For this reason, research into the toxicity of ZnO is urgent. In the present study, the toxicity mechanism of ZnO-NPs towards microbial communities central to granular activated sludge (GAS) performance was assessed over 120-day exposure. The results demonstrate that the biotoxicity of ZnO-NPs is dependent upon its dosage, exposure time, and the extent of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, GAS performance and the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content were significantly reduced at 50 mg/L ZnO-NPs. This exposure led to decreases in the activity of ammonia monooxygenase (25.2%) and nitrate reductase (11.9%) activity. The Field emission scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that ZnO-NPs were able to disrupt the cell membrane integrity and lead to cell/bacterial death via intracellular ROS generation which was confirmed by the Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy analysis. After exposure to the NPs, the bacterial community composition shifted to one dominated by Gram-positive bacteria. The results of this study could help to develop environmental standards and regulations for NPs applications and emissions.     

Influence of extracellular polymeric substances from activated sludge on the aggregation kinetics of silver and silver sulfide nanoparticles

• The NPs aggregation in the electrolyte solution is consistent with the DLVO theory. • In NaNO₃ and low Ca(NO₃)₂, EPS alleviates the NPs aggregation by steric repulsion. • In high Ca(NO₃)₂, EPS accelerates the NPs aggregation by exopolysaccharide bridging. • Ag₂S NPs have stronger stability compared with Cit-Ag NPs in aqueous systems. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) could affect interactions between nanoparticles and alter their migration behavior. The influence mechanisms of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag₂S NPs) aggregated by active EPS sludge were studied in monovalent or divalent cation solutions. The aggregation behaviors of the NPs without EPS followed the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The counterions aggravated the aggregation of both NPs, and the divalent cation had a strong neutralizing effect due to the decrease in electrostatic repulsive force. Through extended DLVO (EDLVO) model analysis, in NaNO₃ and low-concentration Ca(NO₃)₂ (<10 mmol/L) solutions, EPS could alleviate the aggregation behaviors of Cit-Ag NPs and Ag₂S NPs due to the enhancement of steric repulsive forces. At high concentrations of Ca(NO₃)₂ (10‒100 mmol/L), exopolysaccharide macromolecules could promote the aggregation of Cit-Ag NPs and Ag₂S NPs by interparticle bridging. As the final transformation form of Ag NPs in water environments, Ag₂S NPs had better stability, possibly due to their small van der Waals forces and their strong steric repulsive forces. It is essential to elucidate the surface mechanisms between EPS and NPs to understand the different fates of metal-based and metal-sulfide NPs in WWTP systems.