乌江流域沉积岩风化过程中铀的富集与释放

以乌江流域石灰岩、白云质灰岩、白云岩、硅质岩、黑色页岩和紫色砂岩等典型岩石的13条风化剖面为对象,运用相关分析和质量平衡计算方法,研究了这些岩石风化过程中铀(U)的富集与释放及其对河水U分布的影响,旨在增进对U生物地球化学循环的了解,也为流域U污染防治提供依据.结果表明,①乌江流域风化物和土壤中U的富集程度基本上高于上陆壳(upper continental crust,UCC)、中国土壤(China soil,CS)和世界土壤(world soil,WS);②U的富集和释放能力与母岩U含量以及风化剖面中粘土矿物和铁氧化物/氢氧化物含量及吸附能力有关;③石灰岩以及少量白云岩和碎屑岩风化过程中U的释放对河水U的分布特征具有重要的控制作用.     

乌江流域石灰土中铀等元素形态与铀活性

以中国西南乌江流域石灰土为例，运用逐级提取(Sequential Extraction，SEE)技术，并结合化学成分和相关参数数据，研究了石灰土中铀(U)等元素的形态，并在此基础上探讨了石灰土中U的活动性及释放潜力，旨在增进对U等元素生物地球化学循环的了解，同时也为流域U污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明：①石灰土中Mn主要存在于锰(氢)氧化物中，Ca主要存在于碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物中，P主要存在于硅酸盐矿物和有机质中，U主要赋存于硅酸盐等残留部分中，其次赋存于有机质结合部分和碳酸盐矿物中；②石灰土剖面中活动态U所占的比例为10%~30%，平均17%，说明石灰土中的部分U在酸性和氧化-还原界面等条件下具有一定的迁移活性，即在上述条件下，石灰土中的部分U可释放进入周围水体或植物中；③石灰土中U的潜在释放量为036~150 g/t，平均U潜在释放量为076 g/t，因此，在酸雨和侵蚀等作用下，石灰土U释放可显著提高乌江河水U通量。     

粤北某铀矿周边地表水放射性与重金属污染状况研究

以粤北某铀矿周边地表水为研究对象,用ICP-MS对21个样本进行放射性和重金属元素分析,采用内梅罗法对水质进行评价,为矿区地表水污染现状提供科学数据支持。结果表明:1)矿区周边地表水超标元素为U、TI、Pb、As,其中U含量为4.194~114.7μg/L,最高超标1倍多。2)铀矿开采的污染来源主要有矿井水、碎矿废水、废石堆放场产生的废水,此外农田、养殖场废水也不容忽视。3)该铀矿周边地表水污染状况整体良好,Ⅱ号水体较Ⅰ号水体污染状况严重,其中20号采样点评价等级较低。     

苏北海滨湿地互花米草无性分株扩张能力

在新洋港滩涂由海向陆建立样地:光滩(mudflat)、零星互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)斑块(SAP)、稳定互花米草滩下边缘(SAFI)、2003年互花米草定居处(SAF03)1、989年互花米草定居处(SAF89)、碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)滩(SS)及禾草滩(GF),各样地原位栽培9株生长无差异的互花米草分蘖幼苗(1 m×1 m样方,3次重复),分析互花米草生长指标和繁殖成功率,研究互花米草在苏北海滨湿地的扩张能力。结果表明:(1)mudflat处互花米草分蘖幼苗存活率为7.8%,极显著低于其他样地,SAP、SAFI、SAF03、SAF89、SS和GF样地互花米草存活率分别为88.9%7、7.8%、60.0%、81.1%、0和66.6%;(2)mudflat处根状茎数量显著高于其他样地,但互花米草种子千粒重显著低于其他样地,127 d时mudflat、SAP、SAFI、SAF03、SAF89及GF处互花米草数量比原先存活的互花米草数量分别增加了24.81、9.73、0.26、.7、5.8和3.0倍;(3)SAP、SAFI及SAF89间总生物量无显著差异(P>0.05),且显著...     

放射性废水处理中吸附铀的优势藻种筛选

随着核工业的发展,含铀放射性废水的产生量越来越大,必须进行妥善处理与处置.微藻吸附技术是近年来放射性废水处理领域的研究热点,而获得吸附铀的优势藻种则是该技术得以研究和应用的基础.从工程应用的角度出发确定了筛选原则,并针对11株备选藻种进行了优势藻种筛选工作.栅藻LX1对铀的吸附容量最大,为40.7 mg·g~(-1);在m BG11培养基(模拟城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级A标准的氮磷浓度限值)中的生物质产量较高,为0.32 g·L~(-1);生长进入稳定期后的沉降性能较好,沉降率为45.3%.综上,在本研究范围内,栅藻LX1为放射性废水处理中吸附铀的优势藻种.     

Plant Uptake of Trace Metal Oxoions From Two Contrasting Acid Soils

Uptake of arsenic, molybdenum, uranium and vanadium by species of natural vegetation (Agrostis capillaris, Betula pendula, Calluna vulgaris, and Deschampsia flexuosa) on two contrasting, highly acid soils (pH of soil solution 4.2-4.3), differing in natural abundance of these elements, was compared. the soil developed from alum shale was rich in these elements, the soil from a gneiss moraine was poor in these elements. Leaf/ above ground biomass concentrations were positively related to soil concentrations of the elements, but least closely for uranium, and vanadium tended to be excluded by the plants, compared to arsenic, and especially to molybdenum. the relationships between soil and plant concentrations were broadly similar whether nitric acid-digestible or the much lower DTPA extractable soil fractions were considered. Leaf concentrations of plants from the shale and the gneiss soil, respectively, ranged 1.41-2.76 and 0.30-0.58 nmolg^-1 dry weight for arsenic, 14-140 and 0.5-9.6 for molybdenum, 0.031-0.069 and 0.013-0.030 for uranium, 2.3-6.4 and 0.75-3.3 for vanadium.     

Evaluation of fire as a management tool for controllingSchinus terebinthifolius as secondary successional growth on abandoned agricultural land

Schinus terebinthifolius, native to South America, has become an aggressive woody weed in southern Florida, displacing native vegetation as well as rapidly invading disturbed sites. Studies to evaluate the effectiveness of fire as a management option for controllingSchinus on abandoned farmland in Everglades National Park, known as the “Hole-in-the-Donut,” began in 1979. Study plots were established to monitor any change(s) in herbaceous cover and in numbers and size ofSchinus stems. Except in the control plot (which was not burned), each site was burned as often as fuel conditions permitted (usually once every one or two years), through 1985. Results indicated that both the number and density ofSchinus stems increased over the course of the study. While plots that burned showed a reduction in the rate ofSchinus invasion, invasion still progressed rapidly with or without the occurrence of fire. The increase inSchinus stem density from 1980 to 1985 was highly significant in all transects except one. Herbaceous cover showed no clear trends relative to burning.     

铀尾矿中不同形态铀释放的影响因素及其相关性

采用正交试验、连续提取法及主成分分析,研究了液固比、浸出时间、酸雨pH值、PO₄^3-、CO₃^2-、Ca²⁺和腐殖酸浓度对铀尾矿库内铀尾矿中不同形态铀释放的影响.结果表明：影响易迁移态铀释放的因素,按重要程度排序为：Ca²⁺>酸雨pH值>CO₃^2->腐殖酸>浸出时间>PO₄^3->液固比,前4个因素是主要影响因素,且CO₃^2-与酸雨pH值的相关性最强.影响潜在迁移态铀释放的因素,按重要程度排序为：Ca²⁺>液固比>浸出时间>CO₃^2->腐殖酸>酸雨pH值>PO₄^3-,前4个因素是主要影响因素,且PO₄^3-与酸雨pH值的相关性最强.影响稳定态铀释放的因素,按重要程度排序为：PO₄^3->腐殖酸>CO₃^2->酸雨pH值>液固比>Ca²⁺>浸出时间,前4个因素是主要影响因素,且PO₄^3-与CO₃^2-的相关性最强.     

Potentiometric techniques applied to the modelling of actinide migration in natural water systems†

The utility of potentiometric techniques applied to environmental problems is discussed. The applicability of this technique to the estimation of thermodynamic quantities important for the modelling of uranium migration in natural waters is demonstrated. An experimental methodology for the determination of the UO₂(s) solubility product and the UO²⁺/U⁴⁺ redox potentials is proposed.     

改性羧甲基纤维素对铀吸附机理的试验研究

对羧甲基纤维素(CMC)进行改性,并将其用于吸附废水中的铀.研究结果表明:在温度为70℃~80℃、单体质量浓度为30%~35%、羧甲基纤维素:丙烯酸(质量比)为10:2.5、反应时间为3.5~4h条件下,CMC改性效果最好;在改性CMC质量浓度为0.10g/L,温度为25℃, pH值为5.0,反应时间60min的条件下,对废水中铀去除率达到了97.1%;改性CMC对溶液中U(VI)的吸附过程符合Freundlich方程,其吸附动力学数据符合准一级方程(R2=0.9618),表明改性CMC的吸附主要是表面吸附;热力学研究表明,改性CMC对铀的吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)0,吸附过程是自发的吸热反应、以物理吸附为主的过程.