美洲商陆（Phytolacca Americana L.）对铀的富集特征及根际微生物群落功能多样性的响应

在模拟低(25 mg·kg-1)、中(50 mg·kg-1)、高(100 mg·kg-1)剂量铀污染的条件下,采用盆栽试验,研究了美洲商陆富集铀的特点及铀污染对根际微生物群落的影响.结果表明,铀污染对美洲商陆生长的影响可能存在一个阈值,该阈值介于25~50 mg·kg-1之间,低于该阈值时,铀污染能够促进美洲商陆的生长,反之,则会抑制美洲商陆的生长.美洲商陆成熟时,根、茎和叶的最大铀富集量分别为131.69、9.87和45.33μg,是一种较为理想的修复铀尾矿的植物.Biolog-Eco测试结果表明,土壤中铀会对美洲商陆根际微生物群落产生负效应,铀胁迫可使根际微生物代谢迟缓,对碳源的选择发生转移,对糖类、羧酸类和胺类碳源的利用显著减少,对酚酸类碳源的利用显著增加;同时,铀胁迫可导致根际微生物群落功能多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势微生物种类降低.最后,利用培养96 h的平均吸光值进行聚类和主成分分析.结果表明,铀胁迫下美洲商陆根际微生物群落异于对照,美洲商陆根际微生物对铀胁迫的适应是以降低对糖类、羧酸类和胺类等碳源的利用为代价的.     

湖南某铀尾矿库周边土壤外源铀输入机制的研究

选择湖南某铀尾矿库周边的3条土壤剖面S1、S2、S3作为研究对象,通过与区域上背景剖面以及尾矿库中铀尾砂样品的地球化学特征对比,并结合逐级化学提取技术,讨论了土壤中外源铀的输入机制。研究表明:(1)铀尾矿库对周边土壤已产生了铀污染,其中,近源土壤剖面S1、S2遭受了重度铀污染,以单因子指数法表征的污染指数Pi分别为18.98和14.76,随着远离污染源,土壤的铀污染程度呈降低趋势(如远源的剖面S3的Pi=1.35)。(2)作为农业土壤,由于受耕作过程中的人为扰动,外源铀的输入已贯穿了整个剖面。(3)土壤中外源铀的输入,特别是对于遭受了重度铀污染的近源土壤剖面,主要包括两种机制,一是随铀尾砂的机械混入,二是随渗滤液的离子输入,以前者为主。然而,对于土壤中占绝对优势的专性吸附态(Ⅱ)外源铀,主要来自于后者的贡献。随铀尾砂机械混入的铀,其赋存形态在土壤中得到了继承;随渗滤液的离子输入的铀,主要专性吸附在土壤基质上。本研究为有效开展铀尾矿库的治理提供了重要参考依据。     

云南临沧地区公路两侧紫茎泽兰分布格局

云南省临沧地区是我国紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)传入最早和入侵危害最严重的地区。文章在该地区选取典型路段并设置了10个样地,以等级、路宽、路面状况、路龄、人类活动干扰不同的7条公路为研究对象,分析了紫茎泽兰生物量、株高和株数与距公路距离、公路宽度、景观类型、坡向及海拔的关系。结果表明,公路对紫茎泽兰生物量和株高有显著影响的最远距离为24m,而对株数的影响达34m;6m宽的公路对紫茎泽兰生物量和株数影响最显著,且路龄越长、交通干扰越大的公路两侧的紫茎泽兰入侵危害越严重;紫茎泽兰在公路附近的撂荒地和次生林两个景观类型中入侵危害严重,景观类型对生物量与坡向对株高的影响不显著,位于南坡公路附近的紫茎泽兰生物量和株数最高,研究发现公路附近紫茎泽兰总生物量随海拔升高而增加,在1700m达最大,随后则降低。     

地浸井场外围含水层砂岩对铀的吸附行为

天然含水层介质对铀的吸附是地下水铀天然衰减的决定因素.然而,人们对天然含水层砂岩吸附铀行为的认识相当有限.因此,本文采用静态实验及数值模拟相结合的方法研究了地浸井场外围砂岩对铀的吸附行为,探究了天然砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,研究了铀初始浓度、pH、其他离子种类与浓度对铀吸附的影响.结果表明,准二级动力学方程与Freundlich等温吸附模型可以更好地表征砂岩对铀的吸附行为;随着溶液中铀初始浓度的增大,砂岩对水溶液中铀的吸附量增大,吸附率减小;在初始pH=3时,铀的吸附率达到最大,为77%;砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附率会随反应体系中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、HCO^-₃等离子浓度的升高而下降,4种共存离子对该吸附过程抑制能力的顺序为:SO₄^2-2+2+-₃.这些研究结果可为地浸...     

某铀矿区周边土壤238U和226Ra分布特征及污染评价

为查清某铀矿区周边土壤污染源项的污染强度及范围,对需要治理的污染源进行量化,对该铀矿周边土壤0.0~0.2,0.2~0.4,0.4~0.6,0.6~0.8,0.8~1.0m土层土壤中放射性核素²³⁸U和²²⁶Ra活度进行现场调研和统计分析（水平土壤正态分布、箱型图、Q-Q图）,其表明放射性核素污染的空间分布特征及有效性影响,利用²²⁶Ra/²³⁸U反映风化程度.结果表明：在0.0~0.2m土壤深度,²³⁸U和²²⁶Ra浓度最高,分别为813.44~5059.20,737~4536Bq/kg,随深度增加²²⁶Ra和²³⁸U浓度呈减小趋势,0.6~1.0m深度²³⁸U和²²⁶Ra浓度均超美国核管会（NRC）铀矿和水冶设施退役中残存放射性核素的土壤去污标准浓度（370Bq/kg）,因此,针对研究区的土壤治理,厚度选取应不小于1m.污染评价结果表明：研究区属重度-极重度污染、强生态风险危害的土壤面积占比最高,随距铀矿区距离增加,²²⁶Ra和²³⁸U污染程度降低,潜在生态危害减小.     

铀、钍在尾矿-定居植物体系中的迁移

通过BCR(community bureau of reference)提取和富集系数、转移系数计算,对铀、钍在铀尾矿-植物体系中的迁移进行了研究。尾矿中U、Th的总量达205 mg/kg、141mg/kg,但其生物有效性较低,其酸溶态和可还原态的U仅占10.5%和10.8%、Th仅占0.9%和2.8%,而残渣态U占67.7%、Th占92.1%。库区三种优势植物的各部位U、Th含量高出背景区对照值的10倍以上,明显超过了《食品中放射性物质限制浓度标准》中植物类食品的限制浓度。由于植物生长介质中仅生物有效部分的重金属能为植物所积累,因而本文提出应以富集系数BF*(等于植物中重金属含量/其生长介质中相应重金属的生物有效态含量的比值)来衡量植物对重金属的富集程度。尾矿的风化程度较弱及其U、Th生物有效性较低,植物各位U、Th的BF*均较小,三种植物对U、Th的富集程度均较低,但对钍的富集能力明显强于铀。可能受菌根对重金属的强积累能力的影响,U、Th主要富集于植物的根部,向地上部分茎、叶的转移量相对较低。目前,库区尾矿中U、Th在植物中的富集虽然不是很强,但随植物定居时间的增加,尾矿中放射性核素的生物有效性及向库区植物中迁移的能力呈增强的趋势,环境风险将逐渐增高,应引起环境管理部门的足够关注。     

鱼腥藻在满江红-鱼腥藻共生体系去除水中铀时的作用

通过分离有藻满江红中的鱼腥藻,获得无藻满江红和鱼腥藻.采用水培试验的方法分别研究了无藻满江红、有藻满江红和鱼腥藻对水中铀的去除行为,并采用红外光谱技术分析了它们富集铀前后化学基团的变化.结果表明,对于初始浓度分别为2.5和5.0 mg·L-1的铀溶液,在有藻满江红的作用下,分别经过27和36 d生物富集后浓度能降低至GB 23727-2009规定的0.05 mg·L-1排放标准以下,而在无藻满江红和鱼腥藻的作用下,铀浓度无法达到排放标准.相对于无藻满江红,鱼腥藻提高了有藻满江红对水中铀的富集量、富集系数及对铀的抗胁迫能力,从而提高了有藻满江红对水中铀的去除效率.红外分析表明,在富集铀后,与无藻满江红相比,有藻满江红体内出现了芳环和醇类或苷类化合物,而这些新的物质是鱼腥藻在富集铀的过程中产生的,其可能促进了有藻满江红对铀的富集.     

The Potential Conservation Value of Non‐Native Species

Abstract: Non‐native species can cause the loss of biological diversity (i.e., genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity) and threaten the well‐being of humans when they become invasive. In some cases, however, they can also provide conservation benefits. We examined the ways in which non‐native species currently contribute to conservation objectives. These include, for example, providing habitat or food resources to rare species, serving as functional substitutes for extinct taxa, and providing desirable ecosystem functions. We speculate that non‐native species might contribute to achieving conservation goals in the future because they may be more likely than native species to persist and provide ecosystem services in areas where climate and land use are changing rapidly and because they may evolve into new and endemic taxa. The management of non‐native species and their potential integration into conservation plans depends on how conservation goals are set in the future. A fraction of non‐native species will continue to cause biological and economic damage, and substantial uncertainty surrounds the potential future effects of all non‐native species. Nevertheless, we predict the proportion of non‐native species that are viewed as benign or even desirable will slowly increase over time as their potential contributions to society and to achieving conservation objectives become well recognized and realized.     

Critical Assessment of Claims Regarding Management of Feral Cats by Trap–Neuter–Return

Abstract:  Many jurisdictions have adopted programs to manage feral cats by trap–neuter–return (TNR), in which cats are trapped and sterilized, then returned to the environment to be fed and cared for by volunteer caretakers. Most conservation biologists probably do not realize the extent and growth of this practice and that the goal of some leading TNR advocates is that cats ultimately be recognized and treated as "protected wildlife." We compared the arguments put forth in support of TNR by many feral cat advocates with the scientific literature. Advocates promoting TNR often claim that feral cats harm wildlife only on islands and not on continents; fill a natural or realized niche; do not contribute to the decline of native species; and are insignificant vectors or reservoirs of disease. Advocates also frequently make claims about the effectiveness of TNR, including claims that colonies of feral cats are eventually eliminated by TNR and that managed colonies resist invasion by other cats. The scientific literature contradicts each of these claims. TNR of feral cats is primarily viewed and regulated as an animal welfare issue, but it should be seen as an environmental issue, and decisions to implement it should receive formal environmental assessment. Conservation scientists have a role to play by conducting additional research on the effects of feral cats on wildlife and by communicating sound scientific information about this problem to policy makers.     

A Two-Part Measure of Degree of Invasion for Cross-Community Comparisons

Abstract:  Invasibility is a critical feature of ecological communities, especially for management decisions. To date, invasibility has been measured in numerous ways. Although most researchers have used the richness (or number) of exotic species as a direct or indirect measure of community invasibility, others have used alternative measures such as the survival, density, or biomass of either a single or all exotic species. These different measures, even when obtained from the same communities, have produced inconsistent results and have made comparisons among communities difficult. Here, we propose a measure of the degree of invasion (DI) of a community as a surrogate for community invasibility. The measure is expressed as 2 independent components: exotic proportion of total species richness and exotic proportion of total species abundance (biomass or cover). By including richness and abundance, the measure reflects that the factors that control invasibility affect both of these components. Expressing exotic richness and abundance relative to the richness and abundance of all species in a community makes comparisons across communities of different sizes and resource availability possible and illustrates the importance of dominance of exotic species relative to natives, which is a primary management concern associated with exotic species.