Qualitative analysis and quantitative simulation on Yin-Huang water salinization mechanism in Bei-Da-Gang reservoir

Yellow River water transfer for Tianjin is important in solving the water shortage in Tianjin, which facilitate economic development and social progress for many years. Fresh water drawn from Yellow River（ i. e., Yin-Huang water） becomes saltier and saltier when being stored in the Bei-Da-Gang reservoir. We qualitatively analyze the water salinization mechanism based on mass transfer theory. The main factors are salinity transfer of saline soil, evaporation concentrating, and the agitation of wind. A simulative experimental pond and an evaporation pond were built beside the Bei-Da-Gang reservoir to quantitatively investigate the water salinization based on water and solute balance in the simulative pond. 80% of increased [Cl^-] is due to the salinity transfer of the saline soil and the other 20% is due to evaporation concentrating, so the former is the most important factor. We found that the salinization of Yin-Huang water can be described with a zero-dimension linear model.     

非孤立街道峡谷大气流动及污染物扩散特征

实际城市街道皆为非孤立街道,采用数值模拟方法研究了等高与不等高非孤立街道峡谷的大气流动及汽车排放污染物扩散特征.通过与已有的风洞实验结果对比,发现二者较吻合,并且目标街道峡谷上下游建筑物的存在对目标峡谷内部的流场和浓度场有很大的影响.与孤立街道峡谷相比,非孤立街道峡谷中污染物的浓度要远高于孤立街道峡谷中污染物的浓度,而且随着上下游建筑物的增加,使到达目标街道峡谷的风速相对减弱,污染物在峡谷中难以扩散,造成了峡谷内部污染物浓度会随着峡谷数的增加而增大.并且发现不等高峡谷建筑物高度存在一个临界点.      

基于生态槽实验的藻类生长参数确定

在太湖湖泊生态系统研究站的生态模拟槽中进行了藻类的动态模拟实验.取太湖原水至生态槽中,在温度、光照、营养盐变化条件下进行采样,观察藻类的变化情况.在生态槽实验基础上应用PHREEQC模型建立了藻类生长模型,模型中考虑了氮及磷营养盐的循环过程.利用生态模拟槽实验结果对太湖藻类生长模型的各参数进行了详细的率定验证,并应用最小二乘法确定最佳的一组参数,藻类及各种营养盐浓度的模拟值均能较好地拟合实验测量值.     

机动车VOCs排放特征和排放因子的隧道测试研究

为了得到真实道路交通状态下的城市机动车排放因子,选取广州珠江隧道,进行了机动车VOCs排放特征和排放因子的隧道实验.实验得到隧道机动车平均排放因子为(0.52±0.07)g·km-1·辆-1,其中轻型车排放因子为(0.32±0.14)g·km-1·辆-1,重型车排放因子为(0.26±0.33)g·km-1·辆-1,摩托车排放因子为(1.16±0.26)g·km-1·辆-1.机动车排放的VOCs中烷烃占39.7%,烯烃和炔烃占35.3%,芳香烃占25.0%.排放物质居前三位的排放因子分别为乙烯(52.9±7.4)mg·km-1·辆-1、异戊烷(41.5±7.0)mg·km-1·辆-1和甲苯(31.7±5.5)mg·km-1·辆-1.隧道实验得到的排放因子与机动车台架实验的结果基本吻合.     

珠江广州河段局部水体溶解氧低的主要原因分析

珠江广州河段10多a来的水质监测数据表明,BOD₅不高,但DO较低.这种特征至今仍未改变,甚至发展到局部水质出现发黑发臭的现象.文章从污染物耗氧、污染物降解能力、水体氧平衡和水文条件等方面剖析这种水质污染的原因.      

矿化垃圾混配种植介质的盆栽实验研究

矿化垃圾营养成分和有机质含量较高,但含有重金属和盐分.为了解矿化垃圾的施加比例对植物的生长影响以及植物对矿化垃圾混配种植介质中营养成分的吸收和重金属的富集,将矿化垃圾和本地绿化土按照不同比例混配,研究混配种植介质的理化性质的改善条件、矿化垃圾对植物体内的生物量和叶绿素含量的影响、植物对混配种植介质中营养成分的吸收量以及植物体内各种重金属累积浓度,探索矿化垃圾的最佳施用比例.实验结果表明,矿化垃圾可改善上海本地土壤贫瘠的普遍状况,其添加质量分数在50%～75%合适,对植物生长有利.     

人为泥石流起动及产沙放水冲刷实验——以神府-东胜矿区为例

神府东胜矿区位于黄土高原北部干旱半旱过度地带。由于煤田的大量开采,诱发了大量的环境问题,尤以人为泥石流最为严重,本文以神府－东胜矿区人为泥石流为研究对象,采用人工放水冲刷模拟的方法,分析了坡面型和沟谷型泥石流源地松散体起动、产沙、泥石流过程的特性,所得结论为：（１）放水历时长,强度大,有利于泥石流的形成;（２）弃土石渣起动,是该区泥石流固体物质的主体;（３）沟道型泥石流放水冲刷模拟实验,便于观测石     

牛粪厌氧发酵的载体筛选试验研究

为了提高厌氧发酵装置的效率,人们研究了各种各样的方法和措施,其中应用填料或载体使生物菌能够延长驻留期是其中的方法之一,开展载体筛选及其结构设计在厌氧发酵装置中的试验,有助于对此问题的深入研究以及将其成果应用于生产实践。通过静态载体筛选试验选择了玻璃纤维作为载体、PVC塑料管作为载体骨架制成的装置在动态序批式厌氧发酵装置中进行了试验。结果表明：此载体骨架结构对于牛粪动态厌氧发酵具有明显的提高产气效率、改变产气质量和促进有机物转化为挥发性脂肪酸的作用。     

Structurally-consistent estimation of use and nonuse values for landscape-wide environmental change

We address the problem of estimating the use and nonuse value derived from a landscape-wide programme of environmental change. Working in the random utility framework, we develop a structural model that describes both demand for recreational trips to the landscape's quality-differentiated natural areas and preferences over different landscape-wide patterns of environmental quality elicited in a choice experiment. The structural coherence of the model ensures that the parameters of the preference function can be simultaneously estimated from the combination of revealed and stated preference data. We explore the properties of the model in a Monte Carlo experiment and then apply it to a study of preferences for changes in the ecological quality of rivers in northern England. This implementation reveals plausible estimates of the use and nonuse parameters of the model and provides insights into the distance decay in those two different forms of value.     

Addressing social attitudes toward lethal control of wildlife in national parks

The extraordinary population growth of certain ungulate species is increasingly a concern in agroforestry areas because overabundance may negatively affect natural environments and human livelihoods. However, society may have negative perceptions of killing wildlife to reduce their numbers and mitigate damage. We used an online survey that included a choice experiment to determine Spanish citizens’ (n = 190) preferences toward wildlife population control measures related to negative effects of ungulate overabundance (negative impacts on vegetation and other wildlife species and disease transmission to livestock) in 2 agroforestry national parks in Spain. We used latent-class and willingness-to-pay in space models to analyze survey results. Two percent of respondents thought a national park should have no human intervention even if lack of management may cause environmental degradation, whereas 95% of respondents favored efforts to reduce damage caused by overabundant ungulate species. We estimated human well-being losses of survey respondents when sustainable effects of deer overabundance on the environment became unsustainable effects and well-being gains when sustainable effects transitioned to no visible effects. We found that the type of wildlife-control program was a very relevant issue for the respondents; indirect control in which killing was avoided was the preferred action. Sixty-six percent of respondents agreed with the option of hunters paying for culling animals to reduce ungulate impacts rather than management cost coming out of taxes, whereas 19% of respondents were against this option and willing to pay for other solutions in national parks. Our results suggest that killing wildlife in national parks could be a socially acceptable tool to manage overabundance problems in certain contexts, but it could also generate social conflicts.