碱/超声预处理对头孢菌素菌渣破壁效果的影响

为提高头孢菌素菌渣的厌氧消化利用率,采用碱解与超声波破碎联合处理方法对头孢菌素菌渣进行细胞破壁,并通过正交实验和单因素实验研究pH值、含水率、声能密度和反应时间对破壁效果的影响。结果表明,最佳处理条件为:pH值为11.5、含水率为94%、声能密度为2 W/mL、反应时间为30 min,处理后SCOD溶解率为265.26%,总氮溶解率为155.28%,破壁效果明显。     

建筑事故应激生理反应基础实验研究

拟通过事故应激和生理指标测量来定量评估建筑个体的应急素质。通过实验测量个体应激前后生理指标的变化情况,创新提出个体事故应激反应计算公式,定量计算出个体应激反应大小,并探讨其和性别及有无专业知识背景的关系。结果发现,所有4个生理指标实验后与前相比均发生非常显著的变化(P0.01),其中心率、收缩压、舒张压均升高,鼻尖皮温降低。男性的应激反应程度显著小于女性(P0.05),有安全专业知识背景的个体应激反应非常显著地小于没有安全专业知识背景的(P0.01)。研究结果还可以用来对个体的应激反应水平进行区间划分,以进行有针对性的培训和合理的岗位匹配。     

双氰胺甲醛型改性脱色絮凝剂的合成、表征及脱色性能

为提高双氰胺甲醛型脱色絮凝剂的脱色性能,以尿素、三聚氰胺为交联剂,以双氰胺、甲醛为原料制备了改性脱色絮凝剂,并用其处理模拟染料废水.研究了不同染料的初始浓度、p H值、投加量、无机盐以及与聚合氯化铝(PAC)复配使用等条件对脱色率的影响.实验结果证明改性的脱色剂具有较好的脱色性能.相同投加量条件下,未改性脱色剂的最大脱色率为89.7%,而改性脱色剂的脱色率能达到94.6%.红外光谱图表明染料分子和脱色剂发生了相互作用.单因素试验研究表明单独使用改性脱色剂时,最佳投加量为120 mg·L~(-1),单独使用PAC时,最佳投加量为60 mg·L~(-1).正交试验法确定了最优适用条件为:改性脱色剂加入量70 mg·L~(-1),聚铝加入量为50 mg·L~(-1),改性脱色剂和PAC的复配使污水处理成本下降约20%.脱色剂的改性和改性脱色剂与PAC的复配显著提高了脱色剂的耐盐性.     

正交实验法确定阻垢分散剂药剂成分

拟采用正交实验的方法复配一种有机阻垢分散剂,通过实验方法制备出药剂,在同等温度、pH等条件下,测得对Ca^2+的去除性能。实验表明,在制备条件下,水杨酸钠、单宁、木质素磺酸钠的质量比分别为45%、30%和35%时,去除效果较好。     

Interactive Effects of Harvest and Deer Herbivory on the Population Dynamics of American Ginseng

Abstract:  Few demographic models for any species consider the role of multiple, interacting ecological threats. Many forest herbs are heavily browsed by white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) and a number of these are also harvested for the medicinal, floral, or horticultural trades. Previous studies of the viability of American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) have separately examined the effects of harvesting and deer herbivory. We followed individually marked ginseng plants in 6 populations for 8 years and documented deer browse levels, conducted helicopter surveys to estimate the deer herd size, and documented 2 ginseng harvests. We used this long-term data set to develop a stochastic demographic model that quantified the separate and interactive role of these threats to ginseng viability. Although harvesting and deer herbivory negatively affected ginseng population growth, their effects were not additive. Deer herbivory negatively affected population growth in the absence but not in the presence of harvesting. Life table response experiments revealed that in the presence of harvesting, deer herbivory had some positive effects on vital rates because browsed plants were less apparent to harvesters. Ginseng populations that were harvested responsibly (i.e., planting seeds from harvested individuals) had higher growth rates than those that were harvested irresponsibly. We concluded that both deer populations and harvesting must be managed to ensure sustainable populations of American ginseng. Our findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring to assess threats to viability and the need for a broad ecological understanding of the complexity of ecosystem management.     

Quantifying Purported Competition with Individual‐ and Population‐Level Metrics

Abstract: Competitive species interactions may contribute to population declines. Purportedly, Red‐bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus), a common species, and Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis), an endangered species, compete for roosting and nesting cavities in living pine trees. To determine whether behavioral interactions measured at the individual level manifest themselves at the population level, we conducted field experiments designed to test whether the presence of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers resulted in a decrease in fitness to Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers. As part of a 4‐year study examining the nature of interspecific interactions in two populations of Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers (one stable, the Apalachicola Ranger District; one declining, the Wakulla Ranger District) in the Apalachicola National Forest, Florida, we conducted a set of Red‐bellied Woodpecker removal experiments. Paradoxically, following the removal of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers, we observed decreases in Red‐cockaded Woodpecker group size, proportion of nests that were successful, and proportion of individuals remaining on territories. Removal of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers may have exaggerated the immigration rate of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers to Red‐cockaded Woodpecker territories. The Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers in the Apalachicola Ranger District likely can withstand pressure from immigrating Red‐bellied Woodpeckers given that their population has remained relatively stable despite the presence of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers. A major factor of population persistence in the Wakulla Ranger District was the high turnover rate of adult female Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers, a phenomenon that was exacerbated by removal of Red‐bellied Woodpeckers. Relying solely on observations of apparently competitive interactions between individuals may not necessarily provide information about population‐level outcomes. Paradoxically, removing species that appear to be competitors may harm species of concern.     

Positive framing does not solve the tragedy of the commons

We investigate whether positive framing increases cooperation in three social dilemmas with slightly different properties: a linear public goods (PG) game, a non-linear PG game, and a common pool resource (CPR) game. Results from our laboratory experiments show that contributions to a linear PG are higher if the externality is framed positively, rather than negatively, corroborating earlier findings by Andreoni (1995). By contrast, we find no such framing effects in the non-linear PG game or the CPR game. In these games, the best response in the material payoffs is to contribute less if others contribute more, counteracting effects of pro-social preferences. Positive framing therefore does not help to solve the tragedy of the commons.     

江心洲型船闸通航安全问题及改善措施研究

船闸布置在江心洲上后,由于相邻建筑物的动水作用及两汊水流在洲尾的交汇,将会影响船闸的通航安全.为研究江心洲型船闸下游的船舶航行问题,探讨有效的改善措施,结合澧水艳洲枢纽、沅水桃源枢纽布置的共同特点,在物理模型基础上利用船舶模型试验分析船闸下游影响航行安全的因素,研究采取针对性措施后航行条件的改善效果.结果表明:布置隔流堤、导流墩等辅助建筑物只能解决下游靠近引航道出口部分航段的通航问题;综合采用拓宽航槽、优化航线、合理调度、优化船闸布置等措施,可有效减小船体漂移,优化航行环境,保障船舶通航安全.     

微量金属强化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化优化条件研究

采用L9(34)正交试验,研究了CoCl2·6H2O、FeCl2 ·4H2O及NiCl2·6H2O投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)和COD减量及累积产气量的影响,确定了三因素的主次顺序及最优工艺条件.结果表明,当CoCl2·6H2O、FeCl2·4H2O及NiCl2·6H2O的投加量分别为0.1 mg/(L·d)、1 mg/(L·d)和0.4 mg/(L·d)时,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化减量及产气效果均最优.在此条件下,经过25 d单相厌氧消化,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化TS、VS、COD的去除率及累积产气量分别达到46.04％、61.02％、58.24％和27 433 mL/L,比不投加微量金属的处理分别高16.98％、28.12％、27.84％和48.63％.Co、Fe和Ni的投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化TS、VS和COD去除率及累积产气量均有显著影响,其中Co的影响达到极显著水平;Co、Fe和Ni对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化减量及产气效率影响的主次顺序及显著性从大到小均为Co、Ni、Fe.     

基于Labveiw的试验设备集中监控系统设计

中央集中监控系统对于中大型试验场地或试验中心的统一管理、及时响应紧急状况、减少工作强度及人员具有现实而重要的意义。基于Lab View的试验设备的集中监控系统,通过对不同试验设备的适应性改造,以上位机为控制核心。通过以太网主干网络,构成环形以太网,其主要功能为采集试验设备的温度或湿度信号。