Long-term dynamics of the atrazine mineralization potential in surface and subsurface soil in an agricultural field as a response to atrazine applications

The dynamics of the atrazine mineralization potential in agricultural soil was studied in two soil layers (topsoil and at 35-45 cm depth) in a 3 years field trial to examine the long term response of atrazine mineralizing soil populations to atrazine application and intermittent periods without atrazine and the effect of manure treatment on those processes. In topsoil samples, ¹⁴C-atrazine mineralization lag times decreased after atrazine application and increased with increasing time after atrazine application, suggesting that atrazine application resulted into the proliferation of atrazine mineralizing microbial populations which decayed when atrazine application stopped. Decay rates appeared however much slower than growth rates. Atrazine application also resulted into the increase of the atrazine mineralization potential in deeper layers which was explained by the growth on leached atrazine as measured in soil leachates recovered from that depth. However, no decay was observed during intermittent periods without atrazine application in the deeper soil layer. atzA and trzN gene quantification confirmed partly the growth and decay of the atrazine degrading populations in the soil and suggested that especially trzN bearing populations are the dominant atrazine degrading populations in both topsoil and deeper soil. Manure treatment only improved the atrazine mineralization rate in deeper soil layers. Our results point to the importance of the atrazine application history on a field and suggests that the long term survival of atrazine degrading populations after atrazine application enables them to rapidly proliferate once atrazine is again applied.     

Knowledge Production and Learning for Sustainable Landscapes: Forewords by the Researchers and Stakeholders

This special issue of AMBIO presents a new approach to sustainability science that goes beyond interdisciplinary research. Using coupled natural and human systems, or landscapes, as multiple case studies in Europe’s East and West knowledge production and learning toward transdisciplinary research was applied in Sweden, countries in Central and Eastern Europe, and Russia. First, the research group Forest-Landscape-Society summarizes the research program (2005–2012) behind this special issue of AMBIO and its development to participate in transdisciplinary research. Second, stakeholders at multiple levels provide their views on the new approach presented and reported.     

高压输电线路抗冰灾的研究现状与发展趋势

从导地线和输电塔的覆冰模型、覆冰断线倒塔破坏机理、覆冰气象条件下塔-线体系可靠性等方面,全面分析了高压输电塔-线体系抗冰灾的研究现状和发展趋势,系统总结了国内外有关高压输电线路抗冰灾的研究成果。指出了目前高压输电塔-线体系抗冰灾研究中存在的问题和不足,具体从导地线和输电塔的覆冰模型、覆冰断线冲击的动力学分析理论、模型实验和数值模拟方法、塔-线体系覆冰可靠性等方面提出了当前迫切需要进行研究的内容与方向,以揭示高压输电线路覆冰断线以及倒塔破坏的机理,增强抵抗冰荷载灾害性破坏的能力及完善高压架空输电线路设计的标准。     

轻骨料混凝土组合楼板的火灾响应及火灾后性能研究

对一组具有不同参数的轻骨料混凝土组合楼板开展了火灾响应及火灾后承载力试验研究。试验用轻骨料为一种烧制陶粒,楼板的制作主要考虑了板厚的变化及栓钉的设置。对承载条件下的4块简支陶粒混凝土组合楼盖进行了火灾行为试验,分别得到了其火灾响应温度及位移响应。为了考察该类组合楼盖火灾后的受力性能,进一步进行了火灾后的承载力试验研究,并与一块未受火灾作用的楼盖进行了对比试验。结果表明,增加楼板厚度不仅能提高轻骨料组合楼板的抗火性能,也能提高其在火灾后的承载力。但是,在楼板内部设置焊接栓钉会减弱组合楼板的抗火性能,降低组合楼板在火灾后的承载力;压型钢板-陶粒混凝土组合楼盖受火后整体刚度虽然有明显下降,但仍具有较高的承载力,且塑性性能良好;陶粒混凝土组合楼盖的热响应温度沿楼板板厚方向的变化呈明显的非线性,但可近似为两个线性变化段。     

泡沫镍负载Pr-N共掺杂TiO2的制备及其光催化性能

以泡沫镍为载体,钛酸丁酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Pr-N共掺杂TiO2光催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)、扫描电镜(SEM)对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,Pr和N的掺杂抑制了TiO2从锐钛矿晶型向金红石晶型的转变,提高了催化剂在可见光区的吸收能力。以孔雀石绿为目标模型化合物,利用正交实验得出当n(Pr)∶n(N)∶n(Ti)为0.0020∶0.2∶1、焙烧温度为400℃时制得的催化剂活性最高。同时,考察了Pr-N共掺杂、Pr掺杂、N掺杂及TiO2对孔雀石绿降解并利用傅立叶红外光谱对降解产物进行分析,实验表明,Pr-N共掺杂之后催化剂对孔雀石绿的降解率较改性之前提高了1.6倍。     

LC-MS/MS method validation for determination of selected neonicotinoids in groundwater for the purpose of a column experiment

The work was carried out to develop and validate a method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous detection and quantification of five neonicotinoid insecticides: acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam in groundwater samples for the purpose of a further column experiment. This experiment will be used to analyze breakthrough curves of neonicotinoids under a saturated water flow to set transport parameters, where the reliability of the results of chemical analysis plays an important role. The validation was performed in a concentration range from 0.09?µg L^?1 to 100?µg L^?1 using an Infinity 1290 (Agilent, USA) chromatograph coupled with a QTrap 5500 mass spectrometer (Sciex, Canada). The calibration curves were obtained on the basis of the results of six standard solution analyses. Linearity was not lower than 0.998. The limit of detection was set at the lowest concentration which can be determined with an acceptable accuracy and precision. All pesticides had recoveries in the range 85–109% with relative standard deviation values less than 8.1%. The estimated measurement uncertainty did not exceed 30%, so the LC-MS/MS method fits for the intended purpose.     

废柴油再生工艺废弃物的固化实验

废弃油基钻井液中废柴油再生工艺产生的废渣废液具有高COD和高色度等特点,直接外排对环境危害严重。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了该废弃物的最佳固化配方为:水泥∶粉煤灰为3∶2,水泥和粉煤灰加量30%,石膏加量1.5%,硫酸铝加量1.5%,石灰加量1%。在最佳固化配方下,废弃物浸出液的COD由10 062 mg/L降至62 mg/L,色度由500倍降至8倍,各主要污染指标都符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,固化成本约120元/m3。通过固化体的宏观照片和微观SEM照片对固化机理进行了分析,结果表明,废弃物被稳固地包裹在固化体之中。     

Residents' willingness to pay for improved liquid waste treatment in urban Ethiopia: results of choice experiment in Addis Ababa

This paper discusses residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved liquid waste treatment in Addis Ababa based on data collected in 2011 using random parameter logit model. Findings indicate that respondents are willing to contribute for improved liquid waste treatment with higher quantity and quality. Their mean WTP for the medium improvement scenario is found to be 15.53 ETB (0.93 USD) per month. The compensation surplus tends to increase from the status quo to the alternative scenarios with aggressive improvement. Finally, the paper concludes by indicating the socioeconomic difference across households, and sub-cities need to be considered in designing environmental protection plans for the city.     

污泥生物沥滤工艺优化和重金属分配研究

为了得到嗜酸硫细菌沥滤污泥中重金属的最佳工艺参数,对沥滤过程进行3因素4水平的正交实验研究。3种影响因素的水平设置分别为:污泥浓度35、25、15和5 g/L,单质硫投加量15、10、5和1 g/L,接种量15、10、5和3 g/L。对沥滤过程污泥中7种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的去除率进行极差分析,提出了因素影响程度依次为单质硫投加量污泥浓度接种量,且最佳工艺条件为:污泥浓度25 g/L,单质硫投加量10 g/L,接种量为5%。采用超声波-离心方法,分步提取污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的2种形态:松散结合态(LB)和紧密结合态(TB)。分析其中的重金属浓度,提出沥滤后重金属在污泥EPS的赋存以LB为主。     

磷酸铵镁法去除垃圾渗滤液中高浓度氨氮的研究

采用磷酸铵镁(MAP)法去除垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮,对影响氨氮去除率的各个因素进行了研究.结果表明,MgC12与K2 HPO4的组合对氨氮去除效果最好,各因素对氨氮去除率的影响为磷氮比(以摩尔比计,镁氮比同)＞初始pH＞搅拌时间＞搅拌速率＞镁氮比.通过单因素试验得到MAP法的适宜条件:磷氮比1.2,初始pH 9.50,搅拌时间4 min,搅拌速率100r/min,镁氮比1.1,此时氨氮的去除率可达90％左右.在此条件下,获得的MgNH4PO4·6H2O(即鸟粪石)沉淀具有良好的沉降性能和脱水性能,出水pH在7.2～7.4.对经MAP法预处理的垃圾渗滤液出水进行一段时间的生物处理,工艺运行稳定,不存在曝气孔堵塞问题.