大尺寸液体火箭发动机机架振动试验加载装置设计

目的设计大尺寸液体火箭发动机机架振动试验加载装置,使该型号发动机机架可顺利完成振动试验考核。方法在满足连接强度基础上,合理设计加载装置的加强筋等结构的布局,并通过有限元计算方法对加载装置进行优化设计,进一步提高加载装置一阶固有频率。结果设计完成了振动试验加载装置,并在该型号机架振动试验中得到了工程应用。结论加载装置一阶固有频率较高,完全满足振动试验加载要求。     

模拟升温和放牧对高寒草甸土壤微生物群落的影响

通过开顶式温室(Open top chambers,OTCs)升温以及刈割+施加牛粪处理,应用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)方法,研究了青藏高原东部高寒草甸土壤微生物群落结构对气候变暖和放牧的响应.结果表明,高寒草甸在生长季节,微生物群落以细菌为主.平均1.17℃的土壤升温使土壤微生物PLFAs总量增加34.58%,而春季割草结合牛粪施加使微生物PLFAs总量增加65.77%.模拟变暖和放牧均引起土壤微生物群落结构的显著变化.升温使细菌相对含量增加8.80%,而使真菌相对含量降低17.48%,细菌与真菌之比由7.3变为9.6.放牧使细菌相对含量增加8.40%,真菌相对含量降低14.04%,细菌与真菌之比由7.3变为9.2.OTCs升温+放牧处理比单独的升温或放牧处理对土壤微生物总量和细菌与真菌比值的影响更加明显.本研究表明,气候变暖和人类活动能够在短期内显著地改变青藏高原高寒草甸土壤微生物群落结构,进而可能影响这一地区的生态系统碳收支和养分循环.     

Human Adaptation to Work in Two Different Climates

The processes of acclimation to hot-dry and to warm-humid climates were studied using two approaches: a quantitative analysis of literature data and an experimental study in the laboratory concerning the physiological parameters of heart rate, rectal temperature, sweat loss, and subjective assessment.

Analysis o f literature data: Data from 62 experiments with a total of 813 participants were pooled and recalculated. The experiments ranged from 6 to 24 days, air temperatures from 30.4 to 50.0°C, water vapor pressures from 1.5 to 6.5 kPa, and wet bulb globe temperatures (WBGT) from 27.4 to 38.6°C.

Laboratory studies: In the laboratory, 8 participants were acclimated during 15 consecutive days to a hot-dry climate and to a warm-humid climate, which were equivalent in terms of the WBGT (33.5 and 33.6°C, respectively). The participants walked four times for 25 min on a treadmill at a speed of 4 km/h. The hot-dry climate caused somewhat greater strain than the warm-humid condition. In the course of acclimation to the hot-dry climate, heart rate and rectal temperature started at higher levels, decreased slightly steeper but remained on a higher level throughout. Nevertheless, the differences between both thermal conditions were small, and both physiologic functions reached the point of acclimation almost at the same time under warm-humid and under hot-dry exposure. Sweat loss, which is not regarded as a valid predictor for acclimation, was considerably higher but increased less in the hot-dry than in the warm-humid climate.     

Anomalies of mouthparts in Rana arvalis Nilss tadpoles and ecological conditions providing for their emergence

Rana arvalis tadpoles reared under natural or experimental conditions have been studied to analyze anomalies in the development of mouthparts and to compile a catalog of corresponding characters. It has been shown that the frequency of these anomalies increases in the course of growth and development and that their manifestations differ in tadpoles from different spawns and depend on environmental conditions. In turn, anomalies of the mouthparts have an effect on the rate of larval growth and development and on the survival of tadpoles in the period of the metamorphic climax. The results of this study provide an explanation for some deviations observed in laboratory experiments.     

BAF中多相流运动与处理效能关系的研究

曝气生物滤池(BAF)是近年来发展的一种新型污水处理技术,它具有工艺简单、占地节省、有机负荷与水力负荷高、投资较少等优点,特别适用于我国资金短缺的中小城镇分散型污水的处理。文章采用数值模拟与实验分析的方法研究前人较少涉及的BAF中气液两相流的相关规律,揭示流场形态与溶解氧的关系,并分析对反应器处理效能的影响。实验结果表明,纵横比、气体流速、曝气孔径三种因素均能改变流场形态,并且单位体积内气泡数量多、漩涡结构发展充分、气液两相混合充分的流场能使得污水处理效率得到提升。     

地层对四氯化碳迁移影响的实验研究

四氯化碳（CT）在地下水中是一种持久性的有机污染物（POPs）,工业污水和残留在土壤中的CT一旦进入地下含水层,会长期影响人类的用水安全。了解土壤对CT的去除效能,以及CT在地层中的迁移规律,可以为地下水污染的风险评估和修复治理提供依据。为了研究CT在不同岩性地层中的运移规律,通过批量振荡平衡实验,对CT在地层中的吸附...     

基于密集度试验的单兵火箭贮存可靠性研究

立靶密集度是单兵火箭的重要战术技术指标,文中通过对某型单兵火箭进行立靶密集度试验,得到了某型单兵火箭的贮存可靠性数据。数据表明贮存期内虽然产生了老化现象,但并未对立靶密集度产生影响,同时分析了影响该项指标的薄弱环节,为提高单兵火箭质量管理水平提供了重要依据。     

成都粘土去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的实验研究

文章以成都粘土作为氨氮吸附剂,通过单因素探讨了用土量、搅拌速度、搅拌时间、pH和静置时间5个因素对氨氮去除率的影响。研究表明,在用土量m=50 g/L,pH=8.0的条件下,以r=100 r/min搅拌40 min,并静置24 h后,粘土对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的去除率可达到23.97%,粘土单位氨氮吸附率为7.14 mg/g。实验表明,粘土可有效去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮,更便于生化法在后续处理中的应用,将其与生化法、矿物吸附法等物理方法组合使用,能更好地处理垃圾渗滤液。     

Impairment due to alcohol,tetrahydrocannabinol, and benzodiazepines in impaired drivers compared to experimental studies

Objective: In some countries, per se laws for other drugs than alcohol are used to judge drunk and drugged drivers. These blood concentration limits are often derived from experimental studies on traffic relevant behavior of healthy volunteers. Knowledge about how results from experimental studies could be transferred to a real-life setting is missing. The aim of this study was to compare impairment seen in experimental studies to the impairment seen at equivalent concentrations in apprehended drunk and drugged drivers.

Methods: Results from previously performed meta-analyses of experimental studies regarding impairment from alcohol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and benzodiazepines were compared to impairment in apprehended drunk and drugged drivers as judged by a clinical test of impairment. Both experimental studies and real-life cases were divided into 4 groups according to increasing blood drug concentration intervals. The percentage of impaired test results in experimental studies was compared to the percentage of impaired subjects among drivers within the same blood drug concentration window.

Results: For ethanol, the percentage of impaired drivers (n = 1,223) increased from 59% in the lowest drug concentration group to 95% in the highest drug concentration group, compared to 7 and 72% in the respective groups in experimental studies. For THC, the percentage of impaired drivers (n = 950) increased from 42 to 58%, the corresponding numbers being 11 and 42% for experimental studies. For benzodiazepines, the percentage of impaired drivers (n = 245) increased from 46 to 76%, the corresponding numbers being 16 and 60% for experimental studies. The increased odds ratio for impairment between 2 concentration groups was comparable for experimental studies and impaired drivers.

Conclusions: Fewer test results indicated impairment in experimental studies compared to impaired drivers in real life when influenced by similar blood concentrations of either ethanol, THC, or benzodiazepines. In addition, a comparable relationship between drug concentration and impairment was seen for both experimental studies and real-life cases.

We believe that the present study strengthens the background for using experimental studies to establish fixed concentration limits for drunk and drugged drivers, but experimental studies in an impaired driver population could further expand our knowledge.