Global justice and the opportunity costs of conservation

Opportunity costs can represent a significant portion of the costs associated with conservation projects and frequently outstrip other kinds of cost. They are typically understood to refer to the benefits someone would have obtained if conservation projects had not required them to give up current activities, such as farming or hunting or if the land had been available for uses other than conservation. This familiar way of identifying opportunity costs is flawed, however, because it threatens to condone, or take advantage of, the injustices that many people face that affect their opportunities. I integrated ideas from the political theory of global justice to examine how the analysis of opportunity costs illustrates the importance of considering conservation and issues of global justice together, rather than thinking about them in isolation. I distinguish four baselines for defining opportunity costs. A status quo baseline defines opportunity costs by asking what people would have earned had a conservation project not happened. A willingness to accept baseline defines them by asking people what it would take to make them indifferent to whether a conservation project takes place or not. An antipoverty baseline suggests that opportunity costs have been met when people affected by a project are not left in poverty. An egalitarian baseline suggests opportunity costs have been met when people are not left in relative disadvantage, with worse than average opportunities. I argue that the egalitarian baseline is the most acceptable from the point of view of justice. Such a baseline would suggest that, in practice, many of the world's poor are being unjustly treated, or even exploited, as a result of conservation activities.     

泸沽湖区特殊自然社会生态系统的危机因素及调控途径

通过野外实地考察和对室内资料的分析，探讨了川、滇交界泸沽湖摩梭人聚居区自然社会生态系统的危机因子，并提出了切实可行的调控途径。     

四湖地区湿地资源及其开发

对四湖地区的湿地资源进行了三个方面的探讨和研究:湿地类型及其特征;湿地开发及其存在的问题;湿地资源合理开发模式研究。     

湖州市笋竹资源开发利用研究

简要论述了湖州市笋竹资源的特征和开发潜力，对笋竹资源开发现状予以评价，并对合理开发与保护，促进竹资源持续发展提出了对策。     

农业开发与农业生态环境的保护和建设

本文分析了农业开发中存在的四个主要环境生态问题,及其对农业生产的严重制约,提出了当前农业综合开发过程中生态环境治理、保护和建设的6项基本对策。     

矿区土地合理开发与利用研究

本文分析了矿区土地利用的特点，提出矿区土地合理开发与利用的原则，并对合理开发利用矿区土地的途径及其保障体系进行了研究。     

西北干旱区水资源开发利用阶段及潜力

根据中国西北干旱区山前平原地区水资源转化和开发利用历史、现状与未来的趋势,可以将水资源开发利用划分为３个阶段：地表水开发利用阶段、地表水与地下水联合开发利用阶段和可用水资源的经济利用阶段。３个阶段前后衔接,相互交叉,较客观地反映了干旱区水资源开发利用层次随社会、技术进步不断提高的规律和过程。其中节水实际上在整个水资源开发利用过程中都要贯彻,但第三阶段的经济用水内涵不同于前两个阶段,特别是在灌溉农业上,包含摆脱传统观念和进行变革,具有更深层次的意义。根据调查和计算,干旱地区现净用的水量仅１６０×１０^８ｍ３,只占水资源总量的１８％,还处在地表水资源开发利用不充分阶段；如完成第一阶段,可用水量能增加９１％,完成第二阶段,则可增加２１６％,潜力很大。     

四川盆地木本固氮资源和利用途径

通过野外调查和试验,应用乙炔还原法检测根瘤固氮酶活性,每次列出四川盆地的木本固氮资源名录,并研究了它们的结瘤固氮特征和生态特性,提出了开发利用木本固氮资源的五种基本途径。     

水资源开发利用与区域经济协调管理的一种交互式模式

本文据大系统多级递阶优化控制理论，将水资源系统分解成地面水资源系统与地下水资源系统。在地面水系统中，给出了多目标开发利用管理模型；在地下水系统中，提出了地下水资源开发利用经济管理模型。区域经济涉及区域内的各种工农业和城镇生活用水部门──用水系统。对该用水系统提出了分解──协调优化管理模型。据水资源开发利用和用水系统的特点，在最高级设置总协调器来协调水资源开发利用系统与用水系统，进而提出了水资源开发利用与区域经济协调管理的一种交互式模式。     

国外凹凸棒石粘土的若干情况

本文主要介绍国外特别是美国凹凸棒石或坡缕缟石的名称由来、分布、基础理论和物化性能研究，开发应用，产品标准，公司及规模，与我国凹凸棒石粘土研究、开发应用的比较等。