南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅲ.Si释放与缓冲作用

研究了模拟酸雨淋溶过程中南方主要土壤硅释放量与缓冲机理。结果表明,土壤中存在两个缓冲体系,pH值高于3.0时,土壤以初级缓冲体系为主;pH值低于3.0,尤其是离子淋溶量高于或接近CEC值后,次级缓冲体系成为主要的质子缓冲源。淋溶液pH值的降低可加速矿物风化和Si的释放,从而促进土壤中Si的淋溶,但Si的淋溶同时受到吸附、沉淀与转化过程及土壤初始条件的影响。     

Photocatalytic remediation of γ-HCH contaminated soil induced by α-Fe2O3 and TiO2

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of γ-HCH on soil surfaces was carried out to evaluate the photocatalytic effectiveness of α-Fe2O3 and TiO2 toward degrading γ-HCH on soil surfaces. After being spiked with γ-HCH, soil samples were loaded with α-Fe2O3 or TiO2 and exposed to UV-light irradiation. Different catalyst loads(0%, 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% (wt). α-Fe2O3; 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% wt. TiO2) were tested for up to 7 d irradiation. The effects of soil thickness, acidity, and humic substances were also investigated. The obtained results indicated that the γ-HCH photodegradation follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The addition of α-Fe2O3 or TiO2 accelerates the photodegradation of γ-HCH, while the photodegradation rate decreases when the content of α-Fe2O3 exceeds 7%(wt.). The degradation rate increases with the soil pH value. Humic substances inhibit the photocatalytic degradation of γ-HCH. Pentachlorocyclohexene, tetrachlorocyclohexene, and trichlorobenzene are detected as photodegradation intermediates, which are gradually degraded with the photodegradation evolution.     

武汉集中式饮用水源地土壤重金属的时空分布特征及生态风险评价

研究了武汉市19个集中式饮用水源地土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的时空分布特征,采用单因子污染指数和综合污染指数分析重金属污染程度,利用潜在生态风险指数评价重金属生态风险,通过相关性和聚类分析重金属的来源.结果表明,武汉市中心城区水源地土壤重金属的含量普遍高于远城区,同时长江干流附近的水源地土...     

两种铁基材料对污染农田土壤砷、铅、镉的钝化修复

制备得到了铁钙（FeCa）和铁锰（FMBO）两种铁基材料,用于钝化修复As、Pb和Cd污染土壤.研究采集了来自绍兴上虞（SY）、广东佛山（FS）、广东韶关（SG）、湖南浏阳（LY）、江西赣州（GZ）、贵州独山（DS）和安徽马鞍山（MAS）的7种重金属污染水稻土（潮泥土）,通过土壤培养试验,研究铁钙材料（FeCa）和铁锰材料（FMBO）对各类土壤溶液中As、Pb和Cd浓度动态变化的影响,对土壤中有效态As、Pb和Cd钝化效果的影响,以及在不同种类土壤中有效态As、Pb和Cd钝化效果差异及影响因素.结果表明,培养过程中,铁基材料处理下土壤溶液中As、Pb和Cd浓度均低于对照处理.研究发现,两铁基材料均能对土壤中As、Pb和Cd起到较好的钝化作用,相同添加量下,铁钙材料对土壤As的钝化效率优于铁锰材料,而材料之间对土壤Pb和Cd钝化效率无显著差异.铁钙材料处理下各种土壤As钝化效果表现为GZ > SG > DS和MAS,土壤铅钝化效果表现为FS>SY、LY和SG>MAS,土壤镉钝化效果表现为SY、GZ和DS>MAS;铁锰材料处理下各种土壤As钝化效果表现为SY、LY和GZ > DS > FS,土壤Pb钝化效果表现为FS > GZ > SY,土壤Cd钝化效果表现为DS > LY > MAS.各种土壤As钝化效率在两铁基材料处理下均与土壤黏土含量呈显著负相关,各种土壤Pb钝化效率在两铁基材料处理下均与土壤pH呈显著正相关,各种土壤Cd钝化效率在铁钙材料处理下与土壤黏土含量显著负相关.总体来看,两铁基材料均适用于各不同种类As、Pb和Cd污染土壤的治理.     

成都平原氮磷化肥施用强度空间分布及影响因素分析

掌握化肥施用强度的空间分布及影响因素,对施肥的精准管理和污染防控意义重大.以往研究多限于人为因素的探讨而缺乏自然地理因素对化肥施用强度空间分布的影响分析.基于成都平原23 492个点位的化肥调研数据,结合地统计学方法和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,探究该区域2010～2015年均氮和磷化肥施用强度的空间分布特征及影响因素...     

镉污染土壤淋洗剂研究进展

随着工农业的发展,土壤重金属污染问题日益突出,土壤污染治理已成为农业和环境等相关领域的研究热点。以土壤重金属污染中最严重的镉污染治理为研究目标,以化学淋洗剂为研究对象,综合评述了不同类型淋洗剂的洗脱机理、淋洗效果和影响因素,推荐了适用于不同镉污染土壤的淋洗剂,并对现阶段国内外镉污染土壤淋洗剂研究中存在的问题和研究方向进行了总结和展望。研究认为土壤镉污染复合淋洗技术的机理研究,淋洗技术的示范和推广,适用低渗透土壤的淋洗剂研发,淋洗下土壤及环境的变化研究,淋洗剂投放后土壤修复的数值模拟研究,低成本、高效率生物表面活性剂、螯合剂、土壤缓冲剂的开发,以及开展多学科的交叉融合研究等是未来镉污染土壤淋洗技术研究的主要方向。     

Restoring the plant productivity of heavy metal-contaminated soil using phosphate sludge, marble waste, and beneficial microorganisms

Assisted natural remediation (ANR) has been highlighted as a promising, less expensive, and environmentally friendly solution to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals. We tested the effects of three amendments (10% compost, C; 5 or 15% phosphate sludge, PS5 and PS15; and 5 or 15% marble waste, MW5 and MW15) in combination with microorganism inoculation (rhizobacteria consortium alone, mycorrhizae alone, and the two in-combination) on alfalfa in contaminated soil. Plant concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb were measured, along with proline and malondialdehyde production. The microbiological and physicochemical properties of the mining soil were evaluated. Application of the amendments allowed germination and promoted growth. Inoculation with the rhizobacteria consortium and/or mycorrhizae stimulated plant growth. PS and MW stimulated the production of proline. Inoculation of alfalfa with the rhizobacteria-mycorrhizae mixture and the application of MW allowed the safe cultivation of the legume, as shown by the low concentrations of metals in plant shoots. Zn and Pb concentrations were below the limits recommended for animal grazing and accumulated essentially in roots. Soil analyses showed the positive effect of the amendments on the soil physicochemical properties. All treatments increased soil pH (around 7), total organic carbon, and assimilable phosphorus content. Notably, an important decrease in soluble heavy metals concentrations was observed. Overall, our findings revealed that the applied treatments reduced the risk of metal-polluted soils limiting plant growth. The ANR has great potential for success in the restoration of polymetallic and acidic mining soils using the interaction between alfalfa, microorganisms, and organo-mineral amendments.     

不同生态系统土壤生化特征及其与土壤呼吸和N2O排放的关系

通过室内培养实验,研究了不同生态系统土壤生化特征及其对土壤呼吸和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,不同生态系统土壤的生化特征不同,土壤呼吸和N2O排放也不相同.一般果园细菌数量最多,草地放线菌数量最多,林地真菌数量最多,而竹园细菌放线菌数量最少,果园真菌最少;微生物碳氮含量一般果园>林地>农田.相关分析表明细菌数量与微生物碳氮呈显著正相关,放线菌数量与土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而真菌数量仅与全氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05).土壤呼吸累积排放量从高到低为果园>竹林>农田>林地>草地.N2O累积排放量为农田>果园>草地>林地>竹林.土壤呼吸与细菌、微生物碳氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05);土壤的N2O排放与三大微生物、铵态氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05).逐步回归分析表明土壤呼吸主要取决于土壤细菌数量和pH的变化;土壤N2O排放主要取决于土壤细菌数量和铵态氮含量的变化.     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定土壤中的金属元素研究

采用硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-双氧水作溶剂,通过微波消解技术、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定土壤中的锑、砷、铍、镉、铬、铜、铅、镍、硒、银、铊、锌,优化了微波消解仪和等离子发射光谱仪的工作参数,研究了共存离子的干扰和消除方法。优化后的微波消解酸体系及用量比例为HNO3∶HCl∶HF∶H2O2=5∶2∶3∶1,方法线性良好,各元素的检出限在0.000 2 mg/L~0.010 1 mg/L之间,土壤样品测定的标准偏差在0.001~0.051之间,加标回收率在85.5%~108.5%之间。该方法检出限低、精密度高、准确度好,测定结果令人满意。     

内蒙古羊草草原根呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸区分的研究

利用根生物量回归法对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原根呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸进行了区分.结果表明,根呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例在13%~52%之间,平均为(24±3)%;土壤微生物呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例在48%~87%之间,平均为(76±3)%.土壤呼吸与根生物量的线性相关性不稳定.根呼吸活力与根冠比具有负指数相关关系(R2=0.661,P=0.20),与0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm土壤含水量均有极显著的正指数相关关系(P<0.000 1).根呼吸与根呼吸活力具有极显著的指数相关关系(R2=0.848,P=0.01),根呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献量与根呼吸活力具有显著的指数相关关系(R2=0.818,P=0.01).