中国主要客源地进出口贸易与入境旅游发展关系的研究

基于1995—2008年统计数据,从洲际和客源国两个层面入手,分析客源地进出口贸易总额和入境客流总量的关系,选取1995—2008年我国同各洲(国)的进出口贸易和入境客流量的案板数据,建立入境客流量和进出口贸易总额的统计方程,分析两者间的相互关系。同时,分析了贸易市场占有率和客源市场占有率的关系,选取1995—2008年对外贸易和入境旅游的相关数据,计算出各洲(国)贸易和客源的市场占有率,分析其变化规律。     

AGRICULTURE LAND‐USE EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT LOSSES IN WEST TIAOXI WATERSHED,CHINA1

ABSTRACT: Five types of land use/land covers in the West Tiaoxi watershed of China were studied for nutrient losses in artificial rainstorm runoff. A self‐designed rainfall simulator was used. In situ rainfall simulations were used to: (1) compare the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous in different land use/land covers and (2) evaluate the flux of nitrogen and phosphorous export from runoff and sediment in various types of land use/land covers. Three duplicated experiments were carried out under rain intensity of 2 mm/min, each lasting 32 minutes on a 3 m² plot. Characteristics of various species of nitrogen and phosphorous in runoff and sediment were investigated. The results showed that the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) were greatest in runoff from mulberry trees and smallest from pine forest. The TN and TP export was mainly from suspended particulate in runoff. TN and TP exports from the top 10 cm layer of five types of land use/land covers were estimated as high as 4.66 to 9.40 g/m² and 2.57 to 4.89 g/m², respectively, of which exports through sediment of runoff accounted for more than 90 percent and 97 percent. The rate of TN and TP exports ranged from 2.68 to approximately 14.48 and 0.45 to approximately 4.11 mg/m²/min in runoff; these rates were much lower than those of 100.01 to approximately 172.67 and 72.82 to approximately 135.96 mg/m²/min in the runoff sediment.     

China’s Export Expansion,Export Structure and Energy Consumption

Abstract

Since the reform and opening up, China’s export trade has maintained a rapid growth; meanwhile, China’s energy consumption has been increasing sharply. “High export and high energy consumption” has become the feature of China’s trade and economic development. In this paper, based on the input–output analysis approach, the authors have conducted an empirical study on the export trade and energy consumption of 21 trade industrial sectors. The results show that, China is a big net exporter of embodied energy. Assuming that the export growth rate of embodied energy maintains to be about 23.6%, the average annual growth rate of the past 32 years, and based on the input–output data of 2005, by 2030 China’s net export of embodied energy would be over eight times more than the aggregate energy production, which is obviously infeasible. As a country of very low per capita energy, China must change its export pattern, encourage or restrain the export of different industrial sectors according to their energy consumption intensity, and promote structural change of energy– efficient exported products, so as to achieve the sustainable development. Accordingly, the authors put forward some suggestions.     

哈尔滨地区农业面源污染负荷估算与分析

为分析哈尔滨地区农业面源污染的形势和特征,根据哈尔滨市2002 2012年的农业统计资料,利用输出系数模型估算了该地区农业面源污染总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)年输出负荷.对估算结果分不同污染源、种植类型、畜禽种类进行了分析.结果表明:TN和TP的年输出总负荷基本呈逐年增加的趋势;影响该地区农业面源污染的主要因素为土地利用,其中,农业种植用地是TN、TP负荷的最大贡献者;畜禽养殖的污染贡献仅次于农业土地利用;由农村居民生活带来的面源污染也不容忽视.因此,哈尔滨地区农业面源污染形势不容乐观,必须大力开展防控工作,以改善该地区农业面源污染日益严重的趋势.     

Modeling Nutrient Export From Coastal California Watersheds

Nitrate and phosphate export coefficient models were developed for coastal watersheds along the Santa Barbara Channel in central California. One approach was based on measurements of nutrient fluxes in streams from specific land use classes and included a watershed response function that scaled export up or down depending on antecedent moisture conditions. The second approach for nutrient export coefficient modeling used anthropogenic nutrient loading for land use classes and atmospheric nutrient deposition to model export. In an application of the first approach to one watershed, the nitrate and phosphate models were within 20% of measured values for most storms. When applied to another year, both nitrate and phosphate models generally performed adequately with annual, storm‐flow, and base‐flow values within 20% of measured nutrient loadings. Less satisfactory results were found when applied to neighboring watersheds with difference percentages of land use and hydrologic conditions. Application of the second approach was less successful than the first approach.     

中国工业出口能力结构与环境污染的关联分析研究

在依据出口能力不同对中国工业行业进行分类的基础上,利用灰色关联分析,定量比较了出口能力不同工业行业对环境污染的影响差异;通过构造环境影响系数,分析了依出口能力差异划分的工业结构变动对环境污染的影响趋势。研究表明,中国出口能力强的工业行业对环境污染影响较大,目前的工业行业出口能力结构变动趋势对环境污染有减轻迹象,适度降低工业行业结构中出口能力强行业的比重,有助于减轻中国环境污染压力。     

涪江流域农业非点源污染空间分布及污染源识别

采用输出系数模型,借助地理信息系统技术,对涪江流域的农业非点源污染进行了模拟,分析了流域非点源污染的空间分布特征,并对主要污染源进行了辨识,以期为流域非点源污染控制与管理提供决策支持.研究表明,2010年研究区农业非点源总氮污染负荷为9.11×104t,全区平均负荷强度为3.10 t.km-2;农业非点源总氮负荷总量最主要分布在旱地、绵阳市和缓坡区,农业非点源总氮负荷强度的高负荷区为旱地、德阳市和缓坡区;农业用地的化肥流失是污染的首要污染源,贡献率为62.12%,其中旱地的化肥流失是最主要来源,贡献率为50.49%.可见,改进粗放的农业耕作方式、积极推进"退耕还林"、合理处理养殖废水、集中收集农村生活污水等是研究区非点源污染有效的控制措施.     

我国农业非点源污染研究进展分析

非点源污染具有分散性、隐蔽性、随机性、滞后性和形成机理复杂等特征,目前以模型方法为主要研究手段。介绍了比较著名的流域尺度的非点源污染模型AGNPS模型、SWAT模型和输出系数模型。指出我国的农业非点源污染研究开始于20世纪80年代初,目前以引进国外模型进行验证、应用为主。从研究区域上看,目前国内的非点源污染研究多集中在南方地区。     

土地利用结构变化对非点源污染的影响研究

目前,应用模型对非点源污染进行时空模拟是非点源污染研究的重要方向,而输出系数模型在我国中、大尺度流域的非点源污染负荷研究时表现出独特的优越性。文章通过洪湖地区为例,利用输出系数模型,结合GIS技术,模拟洪湖地区污染物负荷空间分布及估算污染物总负荷。结果表明:(1)非点源污染高负荷区占洪湖市大部分面积,主要是农业耕作区带来的面源污染;沿路以及沿湖一带林地、草地为非点源污染低负荷区,这部分面积占洪湖总面积较少。(2)1995-2000年5年中耕地对TN的贡献率下降0.19个百分点,对TP的贡献率下降0.15个百分点,城镇用地对TN的贡献率上升0.18个百分点,对TP的贡献率上升0.13个百分点,林地和草地的贡献率略有上升,这与耕地面积减少,建设用地的不断扩张有关。(3)耕地对TN、TP贡献率在各种土地利用类型中占主导地位,贡献率其次为城镇用地、未利用地、林地、草地。