Research on carbon emissions in China's export trade based on input-output model

Becoming the world’s largest emitter of carbon makes China the object of criticism;however,people may ignore the fact that when China exports low-carbon products,the carbon emissions have been left in the meanwhile,forming the so-called"embodied carbon".Using the input-output model,this paper analyzes the carbon emission intensity and amount of embodied carbon of various sectors in China’s export trade in 2002 and 2007,and filters out high carbon emission sectors.In addition,this paper also points out the problem of carbon emissions’international transfer from developed countries to China through the analysis of national and regional flow of export carbon emissions and changing of the proportion of emissions for exports relative to total emissions,and explains the reason that caused carbon transfer to China by using the treadmill of production theory.Based on that,this paper proposes some measures for carbon reduction in China from the foreign trade perspective.     

Carbon exchange between ecosystems and atmosphere in the Czech Republic is affected by climate factors

By comparing five ecosystem types in the Czech Republic over several years, we recorded the highest carbon sequestration potential in an evergreen Norway spruce forest (100%) and an agroecosystem (65%), followed by European beech forest (25%) and a wetland ecosystem (20%). Because of a massive ecosystem respiration, the final carbon gain of the grassland was negative. Climate was shown to be an important factor of carbon uptake by ecosystems: by varying the growing season length (a 22-d longer season in 2005 than in 2007 increased carbon sink by 13%) or by the effect of short- term synoptic situations (e.g. summer hot and dry days reduced net carbon storage by 58% relative to hot and wet days). Carbon uptake is strongly affected by the ontogeny and a production strategy which is demonstrated by the comparison of seasonal course of carbon uptake between coniferous (Norway spruce) and deciduous (European beech) stands.     

长江口及其邻近海域营养盐与DSi余流通量的分布和季节变化

分别于夏季(2005年7月)、秋季(2005年11月)和春季(2006年4～5月)对长江口及毗邻海域进行观测,并根据水文数据、盐度与营养盐数据计算DSi余流通量.结果表明:三个季节SiO_3~(2-)平均浓度分别为54.31 μmol/L(秋季)、43.61 μmol/L(春季)和45.39 μmol/L(夏季).杭州湾区域PO_4~(3-)浓度一般比长江口高,与SiO_3~(2-)的分布情况不同,可能与悬浮物吸附与解吸附过程有关.调查区域内NO_2~- 和NH+4的浓度偏低.NO_3~-分布呈现出较好的保守性.NO_3~-占总氮的百分比平均为94.28%(夏季)、97.24%(秋季)、98.33%(春季).受陆源污染物排放的影响,在14号站位附近发现一个无机氮高于120 μmol/L的中心区.比较三个季节DSi余流通量东西分量和南北分量的绝对值,一般大潮大于小潮,表层大于底层.表层余流的方向一般向东,东南或南,底层流向主要是向西或西北.DSi的余流通量在近口门处站点较大,长江口前缘(SH1、SH2)和南缘(SH5)、杭州湾(ZJ1,ZJ2)的余流通量较大.     

潮滩沉积物-水界面营养盐N、P分布及交换特征

通过2月枯季和8月洪季样品的采集、室内分析和测试,对滨岸带潮滩沉积物孔隙水中营养盐含量的分布、迁移和扩散通量进行了初步研究。结果表明,NH_4~--N和N0_3~--N的平均含量8月洪季比2月枯季低,但是NO_2-N含量在8月份却达到最高,为0.04 mg/L;TP在季节分布上变化不大,8月洪季时含量较高。在空间分布上发现,排污口及大面积围垦对营养盐局部分布的影响较大。营养盐剖面分布总体趋势为NH_4~--N含量随深度增加而增加,NO_3~--N随深度增加而减少,但同时受到沉积速率和污水排放的影响。潮滩沉积物—水界面间无机氮磷的平均扩散通量分别为7.15、-0.53μg/(cm~2·d),因此沉积物是N的输入源,P的汇。同时还发现,污染物的排放能极大地改变该地区的N、P迁移量甚至迁移方向。     

区域间大气污染物相互影响研究的新方法探讨

以气象模型输出的气象场和空气质量模型输出的污染物浓度场为基础,建立了"四维通量法",该方法采用微元法求解大气污染物的输送通量,首次提出了"闭合绘线法"来解决输送过程中最关键的方向问题. 四维通量法在时空维度上都可以进行伸缩,具有普遍适用性. 将该方法应用于研究广州周边地区 PM10和 O3对广州空气质量的影响,并与已有的工作进行对比分析,结果发现: 1、4、7、10 月份输进广州市的 PM10最大值分别是来自东面的 6. 9 t.h -1、南面的 5. 6 t.h -1、南面的 10. 6 t.h -1和北面的 7. 7 t.h -1; 1、4、7、10 月份输进广州市的 O3最大值分别是来自北面的 166.6 t.h -1、南面的 64. 1 t.h -1、南面的 105.6 t.h -1和东面的 256. 2 t.h -1; 在计算简化边界的情况下,四维通量法的计算结果无论从量级上还是从数值上都与前人的研究成果接近,可以预见在计算真实边界的情况下,四维通量法的计算结果将更加精确.     

碱蓬湿地CH4排放通量及影响因素研究

2008年4月至10月,以辽河口碱蓬湿地为研究区域,采用静态箱—气相色谱法对CH4排放通量进行了原位测定,分析了碱蓬湿地CH4排放通量的季节变化特征,同时研究了地表温度、土壤有机质含量及碱蓬的地上生物量对排放通量的影响。结果表明,碱蓬湿地是CH4的排放源,CH4排放呈单峰型变化趋势,7月排放通量最大为55.29μg/(m2.h)。CH4排放通量与土壤温度、土壤有机质含量及碱蓬地上生物量密切相关。CH4排放通量与地表温度之间呈显著的指数相关关系;土壤有机质含量及碱蓬地上生物量的变化与CH4排放通量的季节变化呈二次正相关关系。     

哈尔滨地区农业面源污染负荷估算与分析

为分析哈尔滨地区农业面源污染的形势和特征,根据哈尔滨市2002 2012年的农业统计资料,利用输出系数模型估算了该地区农业面源污染总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)年输出负荷.对估算结果分不同污染源、种植类型、畜禽种类进行了分析.结果表明:TN和TP的年输出总负荷基本呈逐年增加的趋势;影响该地区农业面源污染的主要因素为土地利用,其中,农业种植用地是TN、TP负荷的最大贡献者;畜禽养殖的污染贡献仅次于农业土地利用;由农村居民生活带来的面源污染也不容忽视.因此,哈尔滨地区农业面源污染形势不容乐观,必须大力开展防控工作,以改善该地区农业面源污染日益严重的趋势.     

我国出口贸易隐含污染排放变化的结构分解分析

利用投入产出分析方法,计算了我国2002~2007年出口贸易中隐含的SO2、COD和氨氮排放量,然后利用LMDI方法将影响上述排放量变化的因素分解为规模效应、结构效应和技术效应.结果显示:2002~2007年我国出口对国内SO2、COD和氨氮排放量的贡献都在20%以上,其中出口规模的扩大对于出口贸易中隐含SO2、COD和氨氮排放量增加起着重要的推动作用,而技术进步和出口结构变动的影响则随行业和时间的不同而呈现出显著差异性.分析我国出口贸易中隐含污染排放量较高的原因,主要来自于出口结构不合理,出口产品的环境效率低下,出口总量增速快.因此,本文对我国提出了几点政策建议,包括实施绿色贸易政策、绿化海关进出口产品目录、鼓励生态标志产品出口及采取进口替代政策.     

河北平原土壤中As通量研究

对河北平原农田区的As元素在土壤中的输入、输出通量进行了初步研究.综合各方面因素,确定了大气干湿沉降、灌溉水、化肥为输入途径和农作物籽实为输出途径,并进行通量计算.结果显示,在河北平原,大气干湿沉降为土壤中As主要输入方式,灌溉水和化肥输入通量较低,三者对土壤As贡献率分别为53.1%、28.9%和18.1%;而农作物...     

Forest soil CO2 fluxes as a function of understory removal and N-fixing species addition

We report on the effects of forest management practices of understory removal and N-fixing species (Cassia alata) addition on soil CO2 fluxes in an Eucalyptus urophylla plantation (EUp), Acacia crassicarpa plantation (ACp), 10-species-mixed plantation (Tp), and 30-species-mixed plantation (THp) using the static chamber method in southern China. Four forest management treatments, including (1) understory removal (UR); (2) C. alata addition (CA); (3) understory removal and replacement with C. alata (UR+CA); and (4) control without any disturbances (CK), were applied in the above four forest plantations with three replications for each treatment. The results showed that soil CO2 fluxes rates remained at a high level during the rainy season (from April to September), followed by a rapid decrease after October reaching a minimum in February. Soil CO2 fluxes were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in EUp (132.6 mg/(m2·hr)) and ACp (139.8 mg/(m2·hr)) than in Tp (94.0 mg/(m2·hr)) and THp (102.9 mg/(m2·hr)). Soil CO2 fluxes in UR and CA were significantly higher (P < 0.01) among the four treatments, with values of 105.7, 120.4, 133.6 and 112.2 mg/(m2·hr) for UR+CA, UR, CA and CK, respectively. Soil CO2 fluxes were positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01), soil moisture (P < 0.01), NO3?-N (P < 0.05), and litterfall (P < 0.01), indicating that all these factors might be important controlling variables for soil CO2 fluxes. This study sheds some light on our understanding of soil CO2 flux dynamics in forest plantations under various management practices.