Assessment and prediction of exposure to benzene of filling station employees

In the present study, the exposure to benzene of employees working in two filling stations (one urban and one rural) was estimated, through the method of passive sampling. Additional data (30′ measurements of benzene exposure through active sampling to employees dealing with different activities, meteorological and traffic data) were collected. The measurements campaign was performed in both summer and wintertime to determine the seasonal variation of the exposure pattern.In addition, a set of artificial neural networks (ANNs) was developed to predict benzene exposure pattern for the filling station employees based on active sampling data and the parameters related to the employees’ exposure. The quantification of the contribution of each parameter to the overall exposure pattern was also attempted.The results showed that although vapour recovery technologies are installed in the refuelling systems and benzene emissions are significantly reduced compared to the past, filling station employees are still highly exposed to benzene (52–15 μg m⁻³). Benzene exposure is strongly correlated to car refuelling (exposure levels up to 85 μg m⁻³), while activities like car washing or working in cash machine inside an office contribute to lower exposure levels (up to 44 and 24 μg m⁻³ respectively). In rural filling station, exposure levels were in general lower compared to the urban ones, due to the smaller amount of gasoline that was traded and the absence of any significant traffic effect or urban background concentration. The developed ANN seemed to be a promising technique in the prediction of the exposure pattern giving very good results, and the quantification of the parameters affirmed the importance of the refueling procedure to the exposure levels.     

上海崇明岛近三年PM_(2.5)浓度变化特征与气象条件的关系

利用2011年1月~2014年2月上海崇明岛地区颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))的连续监测资料,研究了PM_(2.5)总体分布、季节变化、日变化及浓度频率分布规律,初步分析了逆温、相对湿度、风向风速等气象要素对颗粒物浓度的影响。结果表明:2011~2013年该地区PM_(2.5)平均值分别为24.7,33.6和28.3μg/m~3,均低于PM2.5的年平均浓度限值35μg/m~3,细粒子污染程度较轻。PM_(2.5)浓度日变化幅度不大,呈微弱的单峰型分布,9∶00左右达到一天中的最大值,15∶00左右达到最小值。PM_(2.5)浓度的季节分布特征明显,呈现出冬季春季秋季夏季,一般情况下5月份PM_(2.5)月均浓度值最高,8月份浓度最低。PM_(2.5)日平均浓度有57.9%达到国家空气质量一级标准,有93.4%达到国家空气质量二级标准,超标率为6.6%。对PM_(2.5)与各气象要素进行分析后发现:PM_(2.5)质量浓度在逆温层结稳定、风速小、高湿以及近地面盛行西北到西风这样的静稳天气条件配合高空西北方向上的外来污染物输送,容易造成高浓度的PM_(2.5)污染。     

电子垃圾拆解区污染池塘中鱼类多氯联苯及其代谢产物的组织分配及暴露风险

对一受电子垃圾污染池塘内两种鱼类(鲮鱼和乌鳢)体内各组织中多氯联苯(PCBs)及其甲磺基代谢产物(Me SO2-PCBs)进行了分析.鲮鱼和乌鳢体内各组织中总PCBs(ΣPCBs)的平均含量分别为560~10 462 ng·g-1和580~50 492ng·g-1(湿重),两种鱼体内肝脏中的PCBs含量均高于其他组织.PCBs在鱼体组织内的分布与不同组织的脂肪含量有关.鲮鱼和乌鳢体内各组织中ΣMe SO2-PCBs的平均含量分别为0.44~53 ng·g-1和1.86~132 ng·g-1,这一浓度水平比之前国外报道的最高浓度高1个数量级.除PCB149外,鲮鱼体内手性PCB单体的EF值与沉积物相比存在下降趋势;而在乌鳢体内则正相反,在鲮鱼体内已下降的EF值在乌鳢体内则出现回升,有些单体的EF值甚至高于沉积物.这一结果可能表明PCBs在两种鱼体内的手性选择性代谢特征正好相反.鱼体内高含量的ΣPCBs和ΣMe SO2-PCBs对当地居民具有较高的暴露风险,因此,限制这些鱼类在市场的流通对于降低当地居民健康风险具有重要意义.     

锅炉炉膛灭火后水位的分析与调整

通过研究实际操作中汽包水位的变化趋势,对锅炉灭火后水位变化情况进行分析,得出锅炉灭火后汽包水位升降的3个阶段,指导实际操作。     

延迟焦化焦粉夹带的原因及应对措施

详述了焦炭塔发生焦粉夹带的危害、原因及预防措施,描述了分馏系统焦粉的处理措施。     

西安城区地表灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯分布、来源及人群暴露

采集西安城区地表灰尘样品58个,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析了地表灰尘中美国环境保护部(U.S.EPA)6种优控的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量,在此基础上研究了其分布特征、环境来源和人群暴露.结果表明,西安城区地表灰尘中的6种PAEs均有不同程度的检出.单体PAE的含量从未检出~183.19 mg·kg-1,含量顺序为DEHPDn BPDEPDMPBBPDn OP.6种PAEs总量(Σ6PAEs)在0.87~250.30 mg·kg-1之间,平均含量为40.48 mg·kg-1.Σ6PAEs在不同功能区的分布情况为公园交通区商业交通混合区住宅区文教区工业区.Σ6PAEs沿主城区-二环-三环呈现递减趋势.相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明,西安城区地表灰尘中的PAEs主要与增塑剂的使用、化妆品和个人护肤品以及建筑材料与室内外装饰材料释放有关.人群不同途径暴露地表灰尘中PAEs的日均摄入量顺序为手口摄入皮肤接触呼吸吸入,且儿童高于成人.Dn BP、DEHP、DEP和BBP日均摄入量(ADD)低于EU CSTEE和U.S.EPA规定的日耐受量(TDI)与参考计量(Rf D).     

中国七大流域全氟烷基酸污染水平与饮水暴露风险

为探究中国七大流域全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acids,PFAAs)的污染现状与居民饮水暴露风险,基于美国国家环保署推荐的风险评估方法,应用场景风险评估模式,分析了各流域PFAAs的污染水平及特征,并对中国成人、青少年、儿童的PFAAs日均饮水暴露量(average daily dose,ADD)及其健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,中等暴露水平下,中国七大流域ΣPFAAs中位浓度为14 ng·L-1,全氟辛酸(perfluorooctane acid,PFOA)、全氟丁酸和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS)为主要污染物,松辽、太湖流域ΣPFAAs高于整体水平.高等暴露水平下,碳链≤6的全氟羧酸类化合物占ΣPFAAs的比例高于中等暴露水平.黄河、长江部分河段污染水平高.风险评估结果显示,饮水暴露PFOA、PFOS对中国各年龄段居民尚无健康风险,且青少年日均饮水摄入量偏少.     

成都市大气PM2.5中有机磷阻燃剂的污染水平及来源

应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量分析成都市大气PM2.5中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPEs)的质量浓度水平,讨论了其分布特征,并采用后向气流轨迹模型及相关性分析探析PM2.5中OPEs的来源.结果表明,成都市市区采样点大气PM2.5中Σ7OPEs年平均质量浓度为6.46 ng·m-3,郊区采样点为9.38 ng·m-3.受郊区废旧物质拆解产业和常年主导风向的影响,郊区采样点大气PM2.5中OPEs的质量浓度高于市区采样点(P=0.013).大气混合程度影响郊区和市区OPEs的分布,外源污染对成都市OPEs贡献小,OPEs质量浓度高低可能主要受采样点周围局地源的影响.     

Analysis of PFAAs in American alligators part 2: Potential dietary exposure of South Carolina hunters from recreationally harvested alligator meat

Exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) has been linked to many harmful health effects including reproductive disorders, developmental delays, and altered liver and kidney function. Most human exposure to environmental contaminants, including PFAAs, occurs through consumption of contaminated food or drinking water. This study uses PFAA data from meat samples collected from recreationally harvested American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in South Carolina to assess potential dietary exposure of hunters and their families to PFAAs. Consumption patterns were investigated using intercept surveys of 23 hunters at a wild game meat processor. An exposure scenario using the average consumption frequency, portion size, and median perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) concentration in alligator meat from all hunt units found the daily dietary exposure to be 2.11 ng/kg body weight per day for an adult human. Dietary PFOS exposure scenarios based on location of harvest suggested the highest daily exposure occurs with alligator meat from the Middle Coastal hunt unit in South Carolina. Although no samples were found to exceed the recommended threshold for no consumption of PFOS found in Minnesota state guidelines, exposure to a mixture of PFAAs found in alligator meat and site-specific exposures based on harvest location should be considered in determining an appropriate guideline for vulnerable populations potentially exposed to PFAAs through consumption of wild alligator meat.     

长三角地区春季臭氧污染特征及其对冬小麦产量的影响

春季是长三角地区对流层O₃污染的高峰期之一,高浓度的O₃暴露会影响冬小麦生长导致减产.利用长三角地区各城市2014年春季逐时ρ（O₃）观测数据,研究了长三角地区春季O₃污染特征,并结合O₃暴露指数（M7指数和AOT40指数）和剂量-响应关系模型,详细评估了长三角地区O₃污染对冬小麦产量的影响.结果表明:长三角地区春季ρ（O₃）空间上总体呈南低北高的分布,长三角地区北部江苏和上海的ρ（O₃）明显高于南部的浙江地区,在浙江北部、江苏和上海等地区,整个春季日最大8 h ρ（O₃）平均值超过107 μg/m3,最高值出现在5月,超过128 μg/m3;一半以上的城市ρ（O₃）超标[超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》中8 h滑动平均ρ（O₃）的二级标准限值（160 μg/m3）]日数在10 d以上,其中南京和扬州超标日数最多,分别为27和20 d;相应地,O₃暴露指数也呈南低北高的分布,其中苏北地区O₃暴露指数最高,导致长三角地区平均冬小麦相对损失达5.7%（M7）~25.5%（AOT40）,造成的产量损失为7.85×105 t（M7）~4.49×106 t（AOT40）,其中,苏北地区为5.8%（M7）~25.9%（AOT40）,造成的产量损失为6.77×105 t（M7）~3.86×106 t（AOT40）,占长三角地区冬小麦产量损失的86%以上.研究显示,当前长三角地区O₃污染及其对冬小麦产量的影响已相当严重,特别是对苏北地区,而苏北地区是我国重要的冬小麦产地之一,因此,应当科学有效地治理O₃污染以缓解粮食安全问题.