从自燃煤矸石中提取聚合铝铁(PAFC)的试验研究

采用盐酸酸浸的方法从自燃煤矸石中提取聚合铝铁，对煤矸石的粉碎粒径、酸浸盐酸的浓度及用量、酸浸的温度等工艺条件进行了试验研究。结果表明，从100g自燃煤矸石中，可提取19．85g固体聚合铝铁，成品的Al2O3含量33％、Fe2O3含量16％、盐基度70％。     

Adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents

Both bottle-point and column-feeding experiments involving different solutes and sorbents were carried out to investigate the adsorption selectivity and separation performance of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid. Their adsorption isotherms onto such hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents as NDA-100 and NDA-99 could be well described by the Freundlich equations whose characteristics describe extrathermic and favorable adsorption processes. The adsorption towards NDA-100 mainly depended on the π-π interaction, while that towards NDA-99 was extremely influenced by the static-electric interaction. Additionally, the adsorptive capacity of salicylic acid on NDA-99 decreased while it increased on NDA-100 with the presence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment as the competitive component. Comparatively, the adsorption capacity of 5-sulfosalicylic acid decreased on both resins with salicylic acid as the competitive component. In fact, the difference in the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate resulted in the straight antagonism on the effective adsorption sites on the adsorbent. In conclusion, the adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid onto NDA-100 was obviously larger than that onto NDA-99 with the existence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment. A satisfactory separation and recovery of tested solutes in aqueous phase could be foreseeably achieved by the sequencing adsorption technique involving NDA-100 as well as NDA-99. Translated from Environmental Pollution & Control, 2005, 27(8): 570–574 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

胞外聚合物对浸没式膜-生物反应器膜过滤性能的影响

通过浸没式膜-生物反应器（SMBR）处理上海市城市内河水的试验,研究了反应器混合液中和2种疏水性不同的膜上污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的量、组成、污泥特性及对膜过滤性能的影响.结果表明,混合液污泥中的溶解性EPS和固着性EPS比膜上污泥多,不同污泥的固着性EPS组分中蛋白质（EPSP）/多糖（EPSC）的大小顺序依次为混合液污泥〈亲水膜污泥〈疏水膜污泥.疏水膜污泥中溶解性EPS比亲水膜多,溶解性EPS和固着性EPS量及组分均有很大差异.混合液污泥的EPS流动性大,疏水性膜上污泥EPS的流动性较大.溶解性EPS对污泥特性及膜过滤性能影响较大.SMBR中亲、疏水性膜片上黏附的污泥的相对疏水性分别为53%、59%.比较2种膜片通量的变化发现,疏水性膜污染严重.     

微涡旋絮凝-逆流气浮-纳滤集成工艺去除水中腐殖酸的研究之二——以聚合氯化铁(PFC)为絮凝剂

试验研究了微涡旋絮凝-逆流气浮-纳滤集成工艺去除水中腐殖酸的工艺特征和效果.试验结果表明,微涡旋絮凝-逆流气浮工艺去除水中腐殖酸时,在聚合氯化铁(PFC)的最佳投药点0.62 mmol·L-1(Fe3 )下,出水水质符合纳滤膜系统预处理单元的要求,而且该工艺需要PFC絮凝剂的量较低.该预处理系统与纳滤系统组合的集成工艺可以使水中的腐殖酸有机物浓度大大降低,且含TQ56-36FC型纳滤膜的流程1比含M-N1812A型纳滤膜的流程2效果好.前者出水的TOC值可达0.48 mg·L-1,CODMn值为0.64～0.69mg·L-1,UV254值为0,且有95%以上的脱盐率.后者出水的TOC值为0.61～1.00mg·L-1,CODMn值为0.72～0.97mg·L-1,UV254值为0～0.0109,脱盐率很低.另外,尽管保安过滤/活性炭预处理有利于纳滤膜出水水质的提高,但活性炭柱的存在也降低了纳滤膜对有机物的去除率.动态实验结果表明,该集成工艺在本试验中运行周期为72h.水中颗粒物粒度分布表明,原水、絮凝后和气浮出水中颗粒物粒度分布的中位直径(d50)分别为2～5 μm、21 μm和16μm;经过保安过滤器或保安过滤器/活性炭柱,水样中的颗粒物的d50为0到几个μm;经过纳滤膜后,出水基本无颗粒物.初步研究表明,微涡旋絮凝过程中投药量对絮体的分形维数有着显著影响.     

引滦水中不同形态天然有机物的卤代活性

用过滤、ＸＡＤ树脂吸附和阴离子树脂吸附等方法将引滦水中的天然有机物分离为悬浮态、憎水化合物、腐殖酸类化合物、非腐殖酸类阴离子化合物和其它亲水化合物。分别对不同形态有机物进行氯化处理，测定了产物中的挥发性卤代烃。结果表明，引滦水中天然有机物的主要氯化产物是氯仿和一溴二氯甲烷，此外还生成少量二溴一氯甲烷。悬浮态有机物和溶解态腐殖酸是生成氯仿的最重要母体，一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷则大多来源于溶解态腐殖     

天然水体中有机物检测方法的选择与优化

本文选取并优化了一种准确、易行、适合于天然水样中微量有机物的分析技术.天然水样品中有机物通过混合大孔径吸附树脂XAD-2与XAD-7(4:1,V/V)富集并用二氯甲烷洗脱.所有富集的有机物样品中均加入衍生化试剂N,O-双(三甲基硅基)三氟乙酰胺(缩写为BSTFA)硅烷化,最后采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析.为了实验的简便,我们的样品为模拟水样(4L添加定量5β-胆烷(挪威Chiron公司)的去离子水).     

氨基淀粉絮凝剂合成工艺

以玉米淀粉为原料，以环氧氯丙烷(ECH)作交联剂，合成高交联淀粉(CS)；以HC1O4作引发剂，以ECH作醚化剂，合成中间产物3-氯-2-羟基丙烯基交联淀粉(CHCS)，在碱性条件下再与乙二胺反应，得到对重金属离子具有螯合能力的氨基淀粉(CAS)。最佳醚化条件：CS含水质量分数为7．0％，ECH与CS的摩尔比为2．5：1，HC104与CS的摩尔比为0．03：1，反应时间为8h，反应温度为95℃。以该法制得的CAS对废水中铜离子的去除能力为78．5mg／g。     

改进型石灰混凝法去除城市污水二级出水中有机物的研究

将石灰混凝处理后的沉淀泥渣进行回流，对石灰混凝法进行改进，研究改进后的石灰混凝法对城市污水二级出水中有机物的去除效果。结果表明，活性泥渣回流有利于提高石灰混凝法对城市污水二级出水中有机物的去除。回流位置在石灰投加前、复合絮凝剂投加后，最佳回流量为新泥渣产生量的100％～200％，活性泥渣回流的最佳pH为11．0～11．5；活性泥渣中CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、Fe(OH)3等沉淀物以及有机高分子絮体均有助于提高其对有机物的去除效果，其中Mg(OH)2沉淀物起主导作用；含循环泥渣的活性污泥回流，对有机物的去除效果无明显影响。     

Distribution characteristics of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River Delta

In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids(PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids(PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids(PFPiAs), and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters(di PAPs). The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902 ng/L. PFCAs(≥ 11 carbons) and PFSAs(≥ 10 carbons atoms) were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order:Yangtze river(191 ng/L) ≈ Taihu lake(189 ng/L) Huangpu river(122 ng/L) ≈ Qiantang river(120 ng/L) Jiaxing urban river(100 ng/L). Strong significant(p 0.05) correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35 ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two di PAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of di PAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.     

外源Ca2+对SBR启动期活性污泥胞外多聚物的动态影响

利用无机物如Ca~(2+),加快活性污泥反应器启动,强化活性污泥絮体性能和结构稳定性,受到越来越多的重视.采用序批式反应器,研究进水中添加Ca~(2+)对反应器启动期活性污泥沉降性能和胞外多聚物的影响.结果表明运行至28 d,与进水中不添加Ca~(2+)的反应器(对照反应器)相比,进水中添加150 mg·L~(-1)外源Ca~(2+)的反应器中活性污泥MLSS和MLVSS值分别高出了89.6%和75.6%,SVI值则降低了47.9%;活性污泥胞外多聚物总量增加了76.4%,多糖增加了28.8%,蛋白质减少了31.6%,添加150 mg·L~(-1)外源Ca~(2+)的反应器中污泥胞外多聚物中多糖/蛋白质值为68.8,对照反应器的活性污泥胞外多聚物多糖/蛋白质值仅为36.6.三维荧光光谱和红外光谱分析表明外源Ca~(2+)导致活性污泥胞外多聚物组分发生了变化.实验结果为进水中添加外源Ca~(2+)改善活性污泥沉降性能提供了基础数据.