曝气强度对膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性的影响

主要研究了曝气强度对膜生物反应器(MBR)膜污染的影响.2套MBR采用恒流出水模式连续运行60 d,曝气强度分别为500及100 L/h,应用死端过滤装置来检测不同阶段污泥混合液的可滤性.实验中对不同曝气强度下的溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)分子质量分布、颗粒粒径分布、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量进行了测定.结果表明,过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加了膜污染速率.进一步研究表明,曝气强度的增加导致了污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量>10000的SMP浓度的增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度直接影响了污泥混合液的可滤性.过高的曝气强度也导致了污泥絮体中1～10μm细小颗粒和EPS含量的增加.     

四氯化碳的生产与应用及其淘汰策略

四氯化碳是一种消耗臭氧层物质,其生产和消费都面临着严峻的淘汰形势.简要叙述了四氯化碳的生产技术,以四氯化碳为原料生产大宗化学品和精细化学品的转化技术,四氯化碳作为化工助剂在我国的应用情况以及相应的淘汰方法和技术进展.     

高铁铝矾土制备聚合氯化铝铁及其在污水处理中的应用研究

利用含铁的低品位铝矾土为主要原料,添加适量铝酸钙粉,制备出絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁.制备方法为酸溶两步法.对影响聚合铝铁制备的因素,如盐酸浓度、盐酸用量、温度和铝酸钙粉用量等进行了系统研究,得到了制备聚合铝铁的优化条件,同时将该絮凝剂用于实际工业污水的处理.研究结果表明：制备的絮凝剂絮凝效果明显优于一些传统的絮凝剂;不仅具有去浊性能好、沉降快的优点,而且具有原料易得,制备成本低的优势.     

超高交联吸附树脂对有机物质甲苯的吸附热力学研究

比较了2种超高交联聚苯乙烯吸附树脂NDa99与ZH-04对甲苯的静态吸附行为.结果表明,在288～293 K和研究的浓度范围内,ZH-04、NDa99对甲苯的吸附平衡数据符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温方程.吸附为放热过程,适当降低温度有利于吸附,并计算了甲苯在ZH-04和NDa99树脂上的吸附焓变、自由能变和熵变,对吸附行为进行了合理的解释,为废水处理提供一定的理论依据.     

The role of humic substances in chromium sorption onto natural organic matter (peat)

To elucidate mechanisms of Cr³⁺ sorption onto the unaltered solid natural organic matter, the comparative studies of this ion binding from a solution at pH 4.0 onto three selected particle size fractions: 2000–1000 μm, 630–200 μm and 63–20 μm of markedly different HS content and structure, separated by a wet sieving from an overall sample of peat (Brushwood Peat Humus) were carried out. Comparable patterns of COOH groups and CEC_t confirmed that for cation exchange capacity were responsible mainly cations connected with COO⁻ functional groups. It was though found that aliphatic acids in the solid state did not take part in Cr³⁺ binding, thus the finest studied fraction 63–20 μm of the highest contents of functional groups showed the lowest sorption capacity for Cr³⁺, while similar patterns of sorbed Cr³⁺, soluble HS content and base CEC₀ indicated that these parameters were directly interrelated. The base ion exchange processes determined by CEC₀ (with Ca²⁺ as a predominant exchangeable cation) appeared to be not the major mechanisms responsible for Cr³⁺ sorption. For this metal, strong binding to insoluble large molecular weight organic pool two- to threefold prevailed over the ion exchange processes. Very low acid desorption indicated generally low mobility of Cr³⁺-organic compounds.     

低碳排放的生物絮凝中试系统污染物去除特性及污泥EPS变化

用中试规模生物絮凝工艺处理含化学絮凝剂的生活污水,分别研究了HRT和进水SS对生物絮凝系统污染物去除特性、剩余污泥产量、污泥特性和温室气体排放的影响。结果表明：生物絮凝系统对COD、TN和TP有较好的去除效果,且污染物去除效果受进水SS影响较大;生物絮凝系统平均污泥产量和平均有机物产量最高可达 53.63 kg·d⁻¹和21.14 kg·d⁻¹;污泥胞外聚合物EPS浓度和PN/PS均与有机负荷呈反比;化学絮凝剂通过影响PN/PS和EPS浓度,可间接影响污泥的沉降性能;生物絮凝系统与AAO工艺相结合,可降低50.12 g·m⁻³温室气体的排放。因此,生物絮凝工艺可为污水处理厂节能降耗运行奠定基础,有望得到广泛应用。     

联合NaOH和Ca(OH)2强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵生产挥发性脂肪酸

以剩余污泥为研究对象,在序批式厌氧反应器中探究了NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用对污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的影响。结果表明,相较于NaOH单独发酵,NaOH和Ca（OH）2的联合作用能够进一步促进VFA的积累,且NaOH和Ca（OH）2的质量比例为50：50时,VFA的最大积累量为286 mg COD·g-1VSS。机理研究表明,NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用能够促进污泥溶解过程,并且溶解性COD（SCOD）的最大含量为3 650 mg·L-1,同时NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用能够促进胞外聚合物内部有机物向外部的转移。NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用能够进一步遏制产甲烷古菌的活性,甲烷的最大积累量为165 mL,远小于NaOH单独影响下甲烷的积累量。研究结果对指导污泥厌氧发酵回收能源物质具有一定的指导意义。     

压力环境下活性污泥的耐盐驯化过程

通过逐步提高盐浓度的梯度盐度方法驯化耐盐活性污泥,采用加压-常压对比实验,探讨活性污泥耐盐驯化过程中,0.3 MPa的压力环境对有机物降解规律、污泥脱氢酶活性及胞外聚合物（EPS）含量的影响。结果表明,经耐盐驯化的活性污泥在5%的高盐度环境下仍可达到75%以上的有机物去除率;当驯化盐度达3.5%及以上,加压耐盐活性污泥有机物去除率及污泥脱氢酶活性均高于常压,其优势更为突出。耐盐驯化过程中活性污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）含量较稳定,加压系统EPS含量低于常压,这可能是加压活性污泥法可以实现原位污泥减量的重要原因之一。     

EuroBionet: a pan-European biomonitoring network for urban air quality assessment

EuroBionet, the 'European Network for the Assessment of Air Quality by the Use of Bioindicator Plants', is an EU-funded cooperative project currently consisting of public authorities and scientific institutes from 12 cities in 8 countries. In 2000, the bioindicator plants tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Bel W3), poplar (Populus nigra 'Brandaris'), spiderwort (Tradescantia sp. clone 4430), Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum italicum) and curly kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) were exposed to ambient air at 90 monitoring sites according to standardised methods. Visible injuries and growth parameters were assessed and the accumulation of toxic substances in leaves determined. The exposure of tobacco resulted in a gradient with low levels of ozone-induced foliar injury in N and NW Europe, and medium to high values in the southern and central regions. The results of heavy metal and sulphur analyses in rye grass samples generally showed low to very low sulphur and low to medium heavy metal concentrations in leaves. In some cities, however, local hot spots of heavy metal contamination were detected. Analyses of the PAH contents in curly kale leaves gave low to medium values, with locally elevated levels at traffic-exposed sites.     

排水管道沉积物控制的研究进展

排水管道沉积物雨天受冲刷而造成的河湖水体污染,已成为当前我国水环境质量持续改善面临的困境之一。深入了解管道沉积物及其沉积机制对水体污染治理至关重要。综述了管道沉积物的形成与特性,微生物或沉积物中胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的主要组分和相关性质对沉积物抗冲刷特性的影响。结果显示:排水管道沉积物主要是由污水携带的固体颗粒发生沉降而形成,主要包含底层粗颗粒沉积物、有机层和生物膜3类。由于沉积物中富含微生物并可分泌EPS,而EPS的黏性能显著增加管道沉积物的抗冲刷性。通过控制或降解沉积物EPS中的多糖组分,可降低沉积物的抗冲刷性能,有望为控制管道沉积物淤积提供新思路。目前国内外控制管道沉积物淤积的方法主要包括离线和在线水力冲刷或机械清淤。今后的研究方向应着力在真实的排水管网中系统地研究沉积物耐冲刷特性及其影响因素,进而提出更为有效的控制技术。