序批式膜生物反应器(SMBR)处理生活污水的研究

实验模拟生活污水,考察了连续式膜生物反应器(continuous membrane bioreactor,CMBR)和序批式膜生物反器(sequencing batch membrane bioreactor,SMBR)的膜污染和污染物去除效果.结果表明CMBR和SMBR出水COD的平均浓度分别为15.42 mg/L和...     

大骨节病区水土中有机物对硒存在形态和生物有效性的影响

经测定,低硒带大骨节病区土壤中80％以上硒及土壤水提液中30—96％的硒以有机结合态形式存在,主要结合于土壤腐植酸类物质.病区饮水源中除低硒外,并高有机物含量,80％以上的硒与有机物结合.动物实验的结果表明,腐植酸的存在显著降低了饲料中硒的生物有效性.     

活性污泥与消化污泥的脱水特性及粒径分布

对活性污泥和消化污泥的脱水特性和粒径分布进行了研究,分析了2种污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）含量的差异以及生物相的变化特征和机理.结果表明,表征脱水性能好坏的毛细吸收时间（CST）,新鲜活性污泥为9.84 s,消化污泥增加到607.5 s,消化污泥固体颗粒从悬浮液分离所需的时间变长,脱水性能变差.其原因一方面是消化过程使EPS中蛋白质和多糖降解,另一方面是大大降低了消化污泥中原生动物数量,减少了促进微生物凝聚的EPS物质向污泥中的释放.消化污泥EPS含量为123 mg/g（以干污泥计,下同）,比EPS含量为540 mg/g的活性污泥减少了77%.EPS的降解使较大的污泥颗粒分解成较小的污泥颗粒,活性污泥占体积最大的颗粒粒径是133 μm,消化污泥下降到44.6 μm,活性污泥的平均粒径是132.6 μm,消化污泥仅为70.48 μm,结果导致消化污泥脱水性能变差.     

聚合氯化铝与有机高分子复合絮凝剂水解-聚合历程及结构形貌研究

对复合絮凝剂CPAC的水解-聚合历程进行研究,结果表明,相对于PAC而言,O/A比值愈高,复合速度愈快,体系pH值上升愈慢,复合体系对-OH的络合能力愈强.与PAC相比,CPAC的结构形貌产生了较大变化,CPAC的聚集体尺寸明显大于PAC.较大的聚集体尺寸表明它在水中能有较大的伸展空间,可以在相距较远的颗粒物之间进行架桥,较高的枝化度和较粗的分支可以增加它与颗粒物的碰撞机会.     

Microwave-assisted regeneration of hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent saturated with nitrophenols

Thermal regeneration ofhypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent （HPA） was performed at 67℃. Experiments were carried out using a multimode microwave oven operating at 2450 MHz and a thermostatic water bath so as to compare the effect of the different heating mechanisms on the regeneration efficiency of the HPA saturated with nitrophenols. The temperature rise action of the heterogeneous regeneration system under microwave irradiation was described. Additionally, a complete structure and chemical characterization of the regenerated HPA was also carried out in order to study the influence of the subsequent regeneration cycles on the structure and the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents. Structure characterization of the regenerated HPA was accomplished by means of the analysis of FTIR spectra.     

聚合氯化铝锌絮凝剂的制备及其性能

用在AlCl,与ZnCl2溶液中加NaOH溶液的方法制备无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铝锌（PAZC）,通过正交实验确定的最佳制备条件为：反应时间10min、碱化度2．2、氯化铝浓度0．5mol／L、NaOH溶液浓度0．5mol／L。在n（Zn）：n（Al）=0．6、水样pH=7．8、PAZC加入量为5mg／L的条件下,浊度和COD去除率分别为98．9％和88．2％。PAZC与聚合氯化铝对各种工业废水的处理效果比较结果表明,PAZC对各种工业废水的处理效果较好。从废水处理成本来看,PAZC具有较好的经济效益。     

Humic substances

GOALS, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Changing environmental conditions and handling stress are well known to cause chronic or acute stress situations in fish with subsequent infections. These requires a therapy by means of antibiotics and chemicals. In contrast to the huge number of pathogens, only a few substances are permitted for application as therapeutics in German aquaculture. Hence, there emerges an urgent need for highly effective and residueless alternatives. MAIN FEATURES: The prophylactic stimulation and training of the defense system of fish by alternative approaches becomes increasingly necessary. One approach is the application of dissolved humic substances (HS) of natural or artificial origin. For example, there exist several reports on the positive effect of HS to fishes. These effects shall be considered in detail. Furthermore, the impact of HS on the constitution of parasites and pathogens will be displayed. The reports on this issue are diverse, if not inconsistent. We try to shed some light on these discrepancies. The last aspect covered by this review is the outdated paradigm that calcium ions act as antidotes. In the presence of HS, even the opposite effect may occur. APPROACH: To overcome old paradigms on HS and their potential interactions with fish and fish parasites, we reviewed recent international literature, as well as 'grey' literature. We also include results from own former and ongoing studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: HS are able to increase the physiological condition of the individuals and to reduce adverse physiological and histological consequences caused by stress; the mechanism behind remains obscure. HS detoxify heavy metals and organic pollutants. Damages caused by several fish pathogens, such as bacteria and parasites, can be repaired more quickly in the presence of HS. Some parasites--mainly fungi--appear to be directly affected by HS. Comparing the fungicidal effects of HS from various sources, evidence is increasing that the aliphatic moiety may be the effective structures. However, further research is necessary to relate more physiological and anti-pathogenic effects to the chemical characteristics of HS. CONCLUSIONS: HS are not real alternatives to strong traditional therapeutics. However, they show different advantages in repairing secondary, stress induced damages in fish. The ecophysiological relevance of HS in either aquatic systems or aquaculture is getting conspicuously. PERSPECTIVES: The lack of therapeutic and antiparasitic substances in aquaculture requires new strategies and ways of thinking. The search for alternatives to the 'traditional' chemical therapeutics calls for the intensive research. Inevitably, this search will lead to an intensive contemplation on HS as 'health promoting substances' and/or even therapeutics. Basic research is needed to detect the functional groups of the HS responsible for the effects observed. Health promoting effects of first investigations made in vitro to affect pathogens via application of HS and several field studies with HS raises hopes for a broader utilisation of HS to reduce stress consequences in fish and fish pathogens residuelessly.     

超高交联吸附树脂对水中对甲苯胺的吸附热力学与动力学研究

研究了带有磺酸基的超高交联吸附树脂NG-5和NG-10对水中对甲苯胺的静态吸附性能,并与不带磺酸基的CHA-111吸附树脂进行了比较．结果表明,NG-5树脂对水溶液中对甲苯胺的吸附能力高于NG-10及CHA-111,这主要得益于树脂表面的磺酸基与对甲苯胺分子的氨基间形成的氢键作用,以及树脂的微孔作用机制．吸附等温线采用三参数多层吸附方程来拟合,相关性很好．对吸附热力学和动力学的研究结果表明,NG-5和NG-10对于对甲苯胺的吸附为吸热过程,而且是自发进行的,吸附速率主要由颗粒内扩散控制．     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼血清中的精神活性物质

本文建立了一种同时测定鱼血清中19种精神活性物质的分析方法.该方法基于QuEChERS方法对样品进行提取和净化,待测物采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)进行分析,检测的19种精神活性物质均采用同位素内标法定量.该方法的方法检测限(MDL)范围为0.02-0.06 ng.mE-1,基质效应处于76.7...     

复合功能吸附树脂对双组分萘系化合物的竞争吸附研究

1-氨基 -2 -萘酚 -4 -磺酸 ( 1,2 ,4-酸 )和 2 -萘酚自不同双组分吸附体系中吸附至复合功能吸附树脂 AL -1上的吸附等温线符合 F reundlich等温模型。1,2 ,4-酸的吸附为吸热过程 ,而 2 -萘酚的吸附为放热过程。固相上的 2 -萘酚几乎不影响 1,2 ,4-酸的吸附 ,而固相上的 1,2 ,4-酸大大削弱了 2 -萘酚的吸附。两种溶质在吸附位点上的竞争为主要作用机制。