信号分子在好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中的作用

采用人工配水成功培养好氧颗粒污泥,针对絮状污泥颗粒化过程中污泥的理化性质、污染物去除效率、胞外聚合物和信号分子变化进行相关分析.结果发现,在好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程中,污泥对污染物去除能力明显提高.与接种污泥相比,成熟的好氧颗粒污泥对COD、NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P去除率分别提高20%、36%和57%.好氧颗粒污泥中胞外蛋白质和多糖含量分别增加了116和31mg/gMLVSS.采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对接种污泥和好氧颗粒污泥进行空间表征,发现后者蛋白质含量明显增加,说明蛋白质在污泥颗粒化过程中具有重要作用;磷酸二酯酶活性总体呈现上升趋势,第二信使环二鸟苷酸（cyclic diguanylic,c-di-GMP）含量先增加后降低,与胞外聚合物中蛋白质和多糖的变化规律相似.通过SPSS软件进一步分析得知,c-di-GMP与蛋白质相关系数R²=0.92871,呈极显著相关性;与紧密结合型胞外聚合物中蛋白质相关系数R²=0.89025,呈显著相关性,推测c-di-GMP可能是通过指导紧密结合型胞外聚合物中的蛋白质合成以促进好氧颗粒污泥的形成.     

鄱阳湖微囊藻毒素时空分布格局及其与理化和生物因子的关系

本文分别于2012年4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2013年1月(冬季)在鄱阳湖进行了4次野外调查和样品采集,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)对鄱阳湖水柱中常见的3种微囊藻毒素(MC-RR、MC-YR和MCLR)的质量浓度进行定量分析,探寻了微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)质量浓度的时空变化规律及其与湖泊环境理化因子和生物因子之间的关系.结果表明,MC-RR是鄱阳湖MCs的主要毒素种类.胞内微囊藻毒素(intracellular MCs,IMCs)与微囊藻生物量(r=0.47,P0.01)、颤藻生物量(r=0.68,P0.01)、蓝藻生物量(r=0.56,P0.01)、Chl-a(r=0.28,P0.01)之间均具有显著的正相关关系,但与鱼腥藻生物量之间没有明显的相关关系(P0.05),这说明微囊藻和颤藻是鄱阳湖微囊藻毒素的主要产毒藻类.IMCs与水温(r=0.51,P0.01)、透明度(r=0.69,P0.01)、Fe(r=0.43,P0.01)和Zn(r=0.43,P0.01)之间均呈现显著的正相关关系,与TN(r=-0.44,P0.01)、TP(r=-0.29,P0.01)、NO-2-N(r=-0.28,P0.05)、NH+4-N(r=-0.33,P0.05)、Ca(r=-0.34,P0.01)和Mg(r=-0.35,P0.05)均呈现显著的负相关关系,但与pH、PO3-4-P、NO-3-N、电导率、高锰酸盐指数、Cu离子之间的相关关系不显著(P0.05),这说明光照强度(透明度反映)、氮、磷、水温是控制鄱阳湖微囊藻毒素产生的重要因子,金属离子Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn在一定程度上能影响微囊藻毒素的产生.鄱阳湖IMCs和胞外微囊藻毒素(extracellular MCs,EMCs)呈现相似的季节变化趋势,即夏季最高,其次为秋季,冬季和春季较低.鄱阳湖IMCs的空间分布整体上呈现东部湖汊群、松门山周围以及蚌湖和蚌湖进入鄱阳湖的入湖口较高,其它区域较低的趋势,而EMCs的高值区位于松门山周围和蚌湖及其入湖口.     

ClO2消毒工艺对污水处理厂出水超级耐药基因的影响

为了研究二氧化氯（chlorine dioxide,ClO₂）消毒工艺对污水处理厂出水中超级耐药基因（super antibiotic resistance genes,SARGs）的去除效果,对污水处理厂出水消毒前后的水样进行了全年采集,并采用微孔滤膜正压过滤法及核酸吸附柱-洗脱法分别富集水中细菌和胞外核酸后,利用荧光定量PCR技术对其中的9种SARGs进行定量检测.结果表明,无论是胞内还是胞外核酸,均有NDM-1、MCR-1 和MEC-A被检测出;同时,ClO₂消毒后上述3种SARGs的胞内相对总浓度明显上升（P<0.05）,且ClO₂消毒对胞内SARGs相对浓度的影响与季节有关,其中春季、夏季和秋季均发生上升,且春季升高最为明显,达2倍,而冬季出水在消毒前后均未测出胞内SARGs;胞外SARGs则在ClO₂消毒前后没有明显浓度变化.因此,ClO₂消毒不能有效去除污水处理厂出水中胞内和胞外SARGs污染.     

黄土旱塬24 a不同秸秆还田土壤碳、氮、磷和胞外酶计量特征

探索黄土旱塬区农田土壤碳、氮和磷生物地球化学循环特征,可为农作物高效生产和土地可持续利用提供科学依据和技术支撑.以山西寿阳24 a玉米旱作试验田为对象,研究长期秸秆覆盖还田、直接还田、过腹还田和不还田对土壤元素和胞外酶活性化学计量比的影响,并计算向量角度和长度用于指示微生物面临的资源限制情况,向量角大于45°和小于45°分别表示微生物受磷限制和氮限制,偏离45°越大表示限制程度越大,向量长度越长表示微生物受碳限制越严重.结果表明：(1)长期秸秆还田土壤C/N和C/P分布在9.81～14.28和14.58～21.92之间,均值分别为12.36和17.51,分别较试验初期降低了6.0%和4.2%;土壤N/P分布在1.27～1.57之间,均值为1.42,较初期提高了2.2%.土壤C/N和C/P均呈现出先降低后升高的变化趋势,土壤N/P基本呈现出持平趋势,且不同秸秆还田处理之间土壤元素计量比均无显著性差异.(2)相比24 a长期不还田处理,长期秸秆覆盖还田处理土壤β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)活性显著提高了134.4%和107.5%(P<0.0...     

恶臭物质的嗅觉阈值与致臭机理研究概况与展望

嗅阈值是表征气味物质特性的重要指标,对认识异味污染的形成机理、恶臭评估及污染控制有重要意义.围绕嗅阈值的测定方法、嗅阈值与分子结构的关系及复合臭气评估模型,论述国内外相关研究的概况,在指出现有研究不足的同时,提出有待解决的关键问题及重点研究内容.     

Associations between driving under the influence or riding with an impaired driver and future substance use among adolescents

Objective: Risky driving behaviors among adolescents, such as riding with a drinking or impaired driver (RWID) or driving while under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or drugs, are significant public health concerns. Few studies have examined associations of RWID and DUI with future substance use and problems after controlling for baseline substance use. Given that the DUI/RWDD event may be a teachable moment to prevent future consequences (e.g., when injured or arrested), it is important to understand how this risk behavior relates to subsequent use and problems. This study therefore examined characteristics of adolescents who reported DUI and RWID and assessed their risk of future alcohol and marijuana use and consequences 6 months later.

Methods: Participants were 668 adolescents aged 12 to 18 (inclusive) recruited at 1 of 4 primary care clinics in Pittsburgh and Los Angeles as part of a larger randomized controlled trial. They completed surveys about their health behaviors at baseline and 6 months after baseline. We examined baseline characteristics of adolescents who reported DUI and RWID and then assessed whether past-year DUI and RWID at baseline were associated with alcohol and marijuana use and consequences 6 months after baseline.

Results: Fifty-eight percent of participants were female, 56% were Hispanic, 23% were Black, 14% were White, 7% were multiethnic or other, and the average age was 16 years (SD?=?1.9). At baseline, participants who reported RWID or DUI were more likely to be older, report past-year use of alcohol and marijuana, and more likely to have an alcohol use disorder or cannabis use disorder versus those who did not report RWID or DUI, respectively. At 6-month follow-up and after controlling for baseline demographics and baseline alcohol use, RWID was associated with more frequent drinking episodes in the past 3 months and greater number of drinks in the past month when they drank heavily. DUI at baseline was associated with more frequent heavy drinking episodes and alcohol and marijuana consequences 6 months later.

Conclusions: RWID and DUI are significantly associated with greater alcohol and marijuana use over time. This study highlights that teens may be at higher risk for problem substance use in the future even if they ride with someone who is impaired. Prevention and intervention efforts for adolescents need to address both driving under the influence and riding with an impaired driver to prevent downstream consequences.     

Active Adaptive Management for Conservation

Abstract:  Active adaptive management balances the requirements of management with the need to learn about the system being managed, which leads to better decisions. It is difficult to judge the benefit of management actions that accelerate information gain, relative to the benefit of making the best management decision given what is known at the time. We present a first step in developing methods to optimize management decisions that incorporate both uncertainty and learning via adaptive management. We assumed a manager can allocate effort to discrete units (e.g., areas for revegetation or animals for reintroduction), the outcome can be measured as success or failure (e.g., the revegetation in an area is successful or the animal survives and breeds), and the manager has two possible management options from which to choose. We further assumed that there is an annual budget that may be allocated to one or both of the two options and that the manager must decide on the allocation. We used Bayesian updating of the probability of success of the two options and stochastic dynamic programming to determine the optimal strategy over a specified number of years. The costs, level of certainty about the success of the two options, and the timeframe of management all influenced the optimal allocation of the annual budget. In addition, the choice of management objective had a large influence on the optimal decision. In a case study of Merri Creek, Melbourne, Australia, we applied the approach to determining revegetation strategies. Our approach can be used to determine how best to manage ecological systems in the face of uncertainty.     

一株黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger sp.ZH-1)对活性红ST-2BF的脱色

通过富集培养，从空气中分离到一株脱色真菌，经初步鉴定为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)，定名为ZH-1并研究了该菌株ZH-1对活性红ST-2BF脱色的条件，结果表明，其对活性红ST-2BF的最佳脱色条件为：pH=6．0、温度30℃、在此条件下运行40h脱色率达99．1％；探讨了碳源、氮源和接种量对其脱色率的影响；并对染料降解前后的紫外-可见光光谱进行了分析对比．图5参6     

浙江沿海藻类共生细菌的生理生化特性研究

利用梯度稀释法,从浙江象山、朱家尖等海域所采集的几种海藻中分离出海洋细菌50株,运用杯碟法研究了其胞外代谢产物活性,结果表明,100%的菌株含有胶原蛋白酶、淀粉酶,96%的菌株含有酪蛋白酶,70%的菌株含有酯酶,30%的菌株含有卵磷脂酶、脲酶,还有6%含微量的壳多糖水解酶。同时将这50株菌分别培养在高温(55℃)、高盐(质量分数5.5×10-2)、酸性(pH4.5)环境中,同样对胞外产物活性进行分析。结果显示:外界环境胁迫下,水解明胶、淀粉、酪蛋白和吐温的酶活性仍然存在,但活性有了很大的变化。因胶原蛋白酶、酪蛋白酶能分解胶原蛋白等成分,淀粉酶具分解淀粉、糖原的作用,因此,这些细菌的产物对其他生物有毒害作用,可能是致病菌,也可能对已知致病菌起抑制、破坏作用。本研究为寻找海洋活性先导化合物,为海洋药物的开发等提供了广阔的前景。