温度降低对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能及污泥胞外聚合物的影响

本研究系统考察了阶梯降温并恢复至室温（33→25→20→15→10→22℃）长期变化过程（361d）厌氧氨氧化反应器的动态脱氮效能和厌氧氨氧化活性变化,分析了厌氧氨氧化污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化特性,计算获得了厌氧氨氧化反应的活化能.结果表明,在温度20~33℃下,序批式厌氧氨氧化反应器可稳定高效运行,总氮去除负荷维持在0.4gN/（L·d）左右,最大比厌氧氨氧化活性（SAA）大于0.32gN/（gVSS·d）.10℃是厌氧氨氧化菌代谢活性的转折点：当温度降至10℃时,SAA为0.044gN/（gVSS·d）,较33℃时下降91%.当温度恢复至22℃,厌氧氨氧化活性恢复至0.24gN/（gVSS·d）.厌氧氨氧化反应的活化能Ea在10~33℃和10~20℃范围内分别为68.4,152.9kJ/mol.在本实验温度（33→15℃）范围内,EPS含量随着温度降低而升高;在10℃时,EPS含量显著下降,出水中悬浮物升高,造成部分厌氧氨氧化污泥流失.     

生态工程中群落模型植物灭螺机理研究

研究了夹竹桃、枫杨和羊蹄灭螺活性较强的正丁醇提取物和水提物对钉螺酯酶同工酶（EST）、糖原（Gn）和总蛋白（TPr）的生理生化影响。同工酶电泳分析表明,EST是动物体内一种重要的解毒酶系统,且是钉螺对外界刺激反应最强烈的同工酶之一,EST在整个提取物作用阶段变化明显,可作为钉螺中毒的病理指标。提取物能够显著地降低钉螺体内的糖原含量,在整体情况下,影响糖代谢的因素错综复杂,进行机制分析较为困难,可能是提取物对钉螺肝脏、消化道或酶综合作用的结果。提取物能够在一定程度上降低钉螺体内的蛋白质含量,但减少量不及糖原的减少那样显著,这表明灭螺药物对钉螺的致死作用可能更多地与使钉螺组织细胞中的能量代谢异常有关,但其生化机制还需进一步研究。实验从微观领域探究其对钉螺的杀伤机理,为最终构建人工灭螺植物群落提供理论依据。     

Characteristics and mechanisms of 4A zeolite supported nanoparticulate zero-valent iron as Fenton-like catalyst to degrade methylene blue

4A zeolite supported nanoparticulate zero-valent iron (nZVI/4A zeolite), synthesized through borohydride reduction method, was used as a catalyst with H₂O₂ to build Fenton-like reaction system to degrade methylene blue (MB) in model wastewater. The characteristics and primary mechanisms of the catalyst were investigated. The results show that nZVI/4A zeolite has the potential as a Fenton-like catalyst, and (about 30 mg/L) MB was degraded completely in 3 h with 10 mM H₂O₂, 0.2 g/L catalyst, and initial pH of 3.0. The MB degradation rates were obtained at least 70% in the tests with initial pH ranged from 2.0 to 9.0 and the catalyst dose rose from 0.2 to 5.0 g/L. Importantly, the catalyst also has a distinctive ability to increase the solution pH value from its initial acidic pH and then maintain the value at close to neutrality. This ability was controlled by both the initial pH and the catalyst dose. MB degradation clarified that hydroxyl radical was the dominated active oxidative specie in the tests with initial acidic pH and low catalyst dose (less 2.5 g/L); otherwise, Fe(VI) oxidation was the main mechanism for MB degradation; and the two processes shared synergistic effect in MB degradation in the present test. The catalyst has high operational stability in both of the composites with low iron leaching (less 2%) and catalyzing ability. Therefore, nZVI/4A zeolite has great potential as a Fenton-like catalyst and is used with H₂O₂ to build Fenton-like system which could be used to degrade MB efficiently.     

Regulation of soil enzyme activities in constructed wetlands under a short-term drying period

The activities of extracellular enzymes are important in understanding decomposition of soil organic matter in wetlands subjecting to drying. The activity of soil extracellular enzymes (β-glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and phosphatase), and related physicochemical parameters were monitored in constructed freshwater wetlands during a one-month drying manipulation. Drying increased redox potential and decreased soil water content significantly (P<0.05). Higher content of soil organic matter (P<0.05) and higher concentrations of inorganic N (nitrate, P<0.01; and ammonia, P<0.001) were also observed significantly under drying condition. Soil hydrolase enzyme activities were stimulated significantly (β-glucosidase, P<0.05; N-acetylglucosaminidase, P<0.01; and phosphatase, P<0.001), and a two-phase pattern of enzyme activities was revealed under drying condition. The increase of soil enzyme activities under drying condition was significantly related to soil redox potential (P<0.001). Drying strongly affected soil enzyme activities only when soil water content remained above an optimal level for enzymatic catalysis (higher than 23% w/w), corresponding to redox potentials below 250–300 mV. Our results suggest that, under drying condition, potential enzyme activities may be regulated by redox potential, in respect to soil moisture, and consequently alter nutrient availability in wetlands.     

有机成分比例对高固体浓度厌氧发酵产甲烷的影响

在12%高固体质量分数和中温(35± 1)℃条件下,开展了碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪不同比例联合厌氧发酵对产气性能和有机质降解过程影响的研究.结果表明,当3种有机质比例为55:36:9时,每gVS最大产甲烷量、最大比产甲烷速率、实际甲烷产率分别为404.1mL/gVS、11.2mL/(gVS·d)和326.7mL/gVS,皆高于其他有机质比例,并且有机质的降解过程更为高效、稳定.适当添加碳水化合物一方面能够提升自身的降解率,另一方面促使蛋白质和脂肪的进一步降解.当碳水化合物质量百分比高于65%时,总酸、单酸和分子态酸浓度的增加成为发酵过程的抑制因素.蛋白质质量百分比越高,发酵启动时间和发酵周期相应延长,其质量百分比高于48%时,总氨氮和游离氨对产甲烷过程造成一定抑制作用.     

管网生物膜菌株胞外聚合物的提取方法比较

以饮用水管网生物膜样品中一株强成膜能力的菌株Pleomorphomonas oryzae作为研究对象,考察了8种方法(高速离心法、超声法、加热法、EDTA法、H2SO4法、NaOH法、SDS法、甲醛法)对菌株胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取效果,并结合三维荧光光谱(EEM)和傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)对提取的EPS进行成分分析.结果表明,EDTA法和H2SO4法既能提高EPS的提取效率,提取量分别为64.77 mg.g-1SS和74.43 mg.g-1SS,是离心方法提取量的1.62倍和1.86倍,又不会在提取过程中对菌株细胞造成破坏,是较为理想的EPS提取方法.EEM分析进一步证实,NaOH法对菌株细胞破坏严重,造成EPS成分变化较大.FTIR分析则说明,化学提取方法相较于物理提取方法会引入杂质对组分测定造成干扰.     

易挥发有毒化合物催化燃烧试验

在富氧条件下以2.0% Ru/Al₂O₃和2.0% Ru/AC(AC为活性炭)为催化剂,在固定床反应装置上研究了甲醇、氨、甲苯的催化氧化活性及反应动力学. 结果表明,Ru/Al₂O₃对3种反应物的催化活性比Ru/AC高,3种反应物的反应活性顺序为甲醇>氨>甲苯,其去除率随反应物浓度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势. 反应的活化能(Ea)测定结果为甲醇<氨<甲苯. 比表面积检测(BET)和透射电镜(TEM)结果显示,Ru/Al₂O₃与Ru/AC的孔体积(0.54 mL/g)近似相等,而其孔径分别为9.3和2.3 nm;在大孔径的氧化铝上Ru以极细的粒径(<3 nm)形成高度分散体系,在活性炭上Ru则以较大颗粒(4～10 nm)位于活性炭表面,Ru的粒径细化及形成高分散体系可能是Ru/Al₂O₃的催化活性高于Ru/AC的主要原因.      

太湖复合污染胁迫下生物体抗氧化标志物的响应

采用清洁地饲养鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)为监测对象,采取主动生物监测法(ABM)对太湖北部湾复合污染区梅梁湖与贡湖进行为期3周的生物监测.结果表明,在有机、重金属复合污染条件下鲫鱼肌肉组织中抗氧化酶谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GP_X)与谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)对污染物胁迫反应敏感,实验初期GSH出现显著抑制,而GP_X与GST出现显著诱导(P<0.05),实验后期均出现一定程度恢复,各监测点之间抗氧化酶没有表现出显著的差异.IBR综合分析表明,重金属离子对生物体抗氧化综合生物效应贡献最大,同时,浅水湖泊中风场的扰动影响不可忽略.     

进口初级产物类物品的固体废物属性鉴别研究

利用红外光谱、气相色谱/质谱联用、液相色谱/质谱联用、核磁共振波谱、原子发射光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、X-射线荧光光谱等多种分析方法,剖析了申报进口的一个未知有机物品的组分、含量和理化指标;阐述了进口物品的产生来源,探讨了其固体废物属性。结果表明,样品不属于固体废物。呈现了一个以回收物料为原料加工的未知有机初级产物固体废物属性鉴别的全过程,为从事进口固体废物相关的人员提供参考,另外,初级产物固体废物属性鉴别非常复杂,建议制定详细的鉴别标准。     

污泥生物沥滤中硫细菌变化和胞外多聚物作用的研究

通过序批试验,分析污泥生物沥滤过程中pH值、异养菌数量变化以及硫细菌的形态,探讨了污泥中重金属在胞外多聚物(EPS)中的分布变化.结果表明,污泥经生物沥滤后异养菌大量死亡.扫描电镜和透射电镜对污泥微生物形态的观测发现,随着生物沥滤时间的延长,生物沥滤污泥明显比对照污泥中的微生物分布紧密,而且杆状和短杆状菌呈现逐渐增多趋势.生物沥滤后期出现受损的细菌胞体以及释放了细胞物质的细菌空壳.污泥沥滤液中EPS含量有所增加,沥滤过程中EPS的松散结合态与紧密结合态的比值呈现先上升后下降趋势,可反映沥滤前期细菌处于加速生长期的居多,而后期处于减速生长期的细菌逐渐增多.污泥EPS中重金属含量在生物沥滤几天后表现持续增长,Cu、Pb和Zn分布于EPS中的最高含量分别占污泥中总量的14.7%、20.3%和24.2%.延长酸化时间,EPS可被水解,而导致其中重金属含量呈现一定下降趋势.