胞外聚合物对活性污泥吸附去除全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的影响

采用活性污泥和去除胞外聚合物(EPS)污泥作为吸附剂,探讨污泥吸附PFOS的机制和EPS在吸附过程中的作用.结果表明,活性污泥和去除EPS污泥吸附PFOS均符合准二级动力学方程,平衡吸附量(q_e)分别为0.46 mg·g~(-1)和0.38 mg·g~(-1),化学吸附占主要作用.吸附等温线可以用Freundlich、Langmuir及Temkin方程拟合.Ca~(2+)和Cu~(2+)通过离子架桥作用促进PFOS在污泥上的吸附.活性污泥吸附去除PFOS的效果明显优于去除EPS后的污泥.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电发射光谱(XPS)分析吸附前后的污泥官能团变化,发现去除了EPS的污泥中羟基、羧基和氨基活性基团减少,而这些基团是PFOS吸附过程中参与反应的主要成分.由此可见污泥EPS中蛋白质含有的羧基和氨基活性基团为PFOS提供了吸附反应位点,EPS在吸附过程中起到至关重要的作用.     

磺胺类兽药对土壤酶活性的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究磺胺类兽药（磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲唑）污染对土壤蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,磺胺类兽药可显著抑制土壤蔗糖酶的活性,其抑制率可达50%以上。兽药对土壤硝酸还原酶活性的影响表现为先抑制后激活的趋势,最大抑制率和激活率可达98.6%、580%。兽药对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响主要以激活作用为主,对土壤磷酸酶活性的影响则呈现＂激活-抑制＂的循环趋势。兽药对土壤脲酶活性的影响表现为,培养前期低浓度时激活,高浓度时抑制;培养后期低、高浓度时均抑制。兽药对土壤多酚氧化酶活性的影响表现为,培养前期激活,培养后期抑制。     

有机物特性对AAO系统污泥沉降性能的影响

研究了不同进水混合型有机物组成下AAO系统中活性污泥菌群结构演替规律以及微生物胞内、胞外聚合物的变化对污泥沉降性能的影响.结果表明,当进水中有机物全部为溶解态时,污泥沉降性能最佳,污泥体积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)为70 m L·g-1,且优于进水有机物以溶解态为主(SVI=120 m L·g-1)和以颗粒态为主(SVI=280 m L·g-1)的系统.根据菌群结构分析可知Thiothrix、Chryseolinea和Trichococcus这3种菌属对污泥沉降性能的影响至关重要.其中颗粒态有机物可促进Trichococcus的生长,而溶解态有机物可促进Thiothrix和Chryseolinea的生长.此外,菌群结构的改变也对胞内及胞外聚合物的变化有重要影响,从而加剧污泥沉降性能改善或恶化的进程.较高的溶解态有机物含量可提高胞内聚合物贮存能力,并改善污泥沉降性能.同时,污泥沉降性能也与松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances,LB-EPS)中多糖、蛋白质和Zeta电位呈显著负相关关系.     

Interactive effect of dissolved organic matter and phenanthrene on soil enzymatic activities

The investigation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on urease, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity in a phenanthrene (Phe)-contaminated soil was conducted under laboratory incubation conditions. Values of soil enzymatic activity depended mainly on incubation time. In the initial 16 days, urease activity increased, and was followed by a decrease. In the initial 8 days, catalase activity decreased and then increased. Variation of polyphenol oxidase activity was just the reverse of catalase activity. After 30 days of incubation, no pronounced difference among treatments with Phe, Phe and DOM, and control were detected in urease, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity. Phe might inhibit urease and catalase, and stimulate polyphenol oxidase. DOM could improve inhibition of Phe in soil urease and catalase activity during the initial period of applying DOM. Nevertheless, DOM had no significant effect on polyphenol oxidase activity in the Phe contaminated soil. There was a negative correlation between catalase and polyphenol oxidase (r = -0.761~(***)), and catalase and urease (r = -0.554~(**)). Additionally, a positive correlation between polyphenol oxidase and urease was also detected (r = 0.701~(***)). It is implied that the formed DOM after application of organic wastes into soils may counteract the inhibition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil enzyme activities.     

一体式膜生物反应器中环境条件对混合液粘度的影响研究

文章研究了一体式膜生物反应器中环境条件对混合液粘度的影响,以及混合液粘度对膜过滤阻力的影响。试验结果表明：混合液的粘度主要是由胞外聚合物引起的;混合液粘度随着胞外聚合物含量的变化而变化;混合液粘度与各操作条件之间存在一定的关系U=1．586（MESS）^0．614T^-0.106（DO）^0.4697;混合液粘度与膜过滤阻力有较好的相关性。     

污泥中蛋白质和多糖的分布对脱水性能的影响

为研究污泥中蛋白质和多糖的组成及空间分布对污泥可脱水性的影响,采用高温（55℃）及pH 10.0和pH 5.5控制条件,进行污泥水解酸化试验;通过离心和超声波法,对污泥中蛋白质和多糖在污泥粘液层、松散附着胞外聚合物层、紧密粘附胞外聚合物层及细胞相层的分布,并对污泥脱水性能（以毛细吸水时间表征）作了跟踪监测.结果表明,污泥中蛋白质和多糖主要分布在细胞相层.在酸性条件下（pH 5.5）,污泥高温水解酸化（第0～15 d）使其毛细吸水时间比原污泥稍大,而最终（第20 d）稍低;在碱性条件下（pH 10.0）的污泥水解酸化,则使污泥毛细吸水时间远大于原污泥.统计分析结果表明,污泥脱水性能主要受粘液层的可溶性蛋白质和蛋白质/多糖影响,几乎不受污泥中的蛋白质、多糖和蛋白质/多糖及其它EPS层中的化学组分的影响.     

Effects of insoluble Zn, Cd, and EDTA on the growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes and uptake of Zn and Cd in Vetiveria zizanioides

A root-bag experiment was conducted to study the effects of insoluble Zn, Cd and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the plant growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline, glutathione (GSH), water-soluble proteins and malondialdehyde (MDA) of Vetiveria zizanioides, and its uptake capacity of Zn and Cd.The results showed that plant growth of V.zizanioides was inhibited by Zn and Cd.The shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) decrease by 0.3%, 8.0%, 9.4% and 10.4%, 15.1%, 24.2% compared to the control without EDTA addition, respectively.After adding EDTA, shoot and root dry weight decreased over 10% and 15% compared to results in the absence of EDTA, respectively.The toxicity from insoluble Zn and Cd in soil on SDW and RDW of V.zizanioides was in order: Zn+Cd > Cd > Zn.The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and contents of MDA and proline significantly increased, while the contents of GSH and water-soluble proteins markedly decreased with increasing Zn and Cd toxicity.With EDTA, shoot and root Zn concentrations increased in the Zn treatment by 7.3% and 37.4% compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA.Shoot and root Cd concentrations in the combined Zn and Cd treatment with EDTA increased by 18.6% and 391.9% compared to the treatment without EDTA.However, Zn and Cd concentrations in shoot and roots decreased in the Cd treatment compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA, with exception of root Cd concentration in the presence of EDTA).     

The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress

Salicylic acid （SA） was an essential component of the plant resistance to pathogens and also plays an important role in mediating plant response to some abiotic stress. The possible effects of SA on the growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress were studied. When rice seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing Pb^2＋ （0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 mmol/L） for 18 d, the plant biomass as well as the chlorophyll content of leaves decreased with increasing Pb concentration. The pre-treatment with SA （treated with 0.1 mmol/L SA for 48 h before Pb stress） partially protected seedlings from Pb toxicity. The chlorophyll contents were significant higher in leaves of Pb-exposed with SA pre-treatment seedlings than in Pb-exposed plants at the same Pb intensity. SA pre-treated alone could significantly increase the length of shoot and root of seedlings but the vigour difference was not marked under long-term exposure to Pb toxicity. SA pre-treated influence the H2O2 level in leaves of seedlings by up-regulating the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, repressing the activity of catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） depending on the concentrations of Pb^2＋ in the growth medium. The results supported the conclusion that SA played a positive role in rice seedlings against Pb toxicity.     

不同表观气速对好氧颗粒污泥净化苯酚废气的影响

实验设置了0.7、1.2、2.0、2.5和3.0 cm·s-1 5个不同表观气速,考察其对好氧颗粒污泥净化苯酚废气的影响.研究发现当表观气速在0.7～3.0 cm·s-1之间时,好氧颗粒污泥表现出良好的稳定性,苯酚去除率达到95%以上.随着表观气速的提高好氧颗粒污泥各项理化指标均有不同程度的改善,胞外多聚物(extra...     

超声波-缺氧/好氧消化过程污泥EPS、酶活性及菌落数的变化研究

为研究超声波促进污泥缺氧/好氧消化的机理,采用最佳超声波参数（超声频率28kHz,超声密度0.1W.mL-1,超声时间15min,超声间隔时间12h）与缺氧/好氧消化衔接进行间歇试验,研究了消化过程中污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）组分（蛋白质、多糖、DNA）和相应溶出物占总量的比例,以及酶活性（蛋白酶,脱氢酶）和菌落数的变化...