污泥蚯蚓堆肥过程中胞外聚合物的结构变化

为揭示污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)特征与蚯蚓堆肥产物腐熟的关系,以无蚯蚓为对照组,探究蚯蚓堆肥对污泥EPS结构变化的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥显著加快了蚯蚓堆肥产物有机质的矿化速率,其电导率和硝酸盐氮含量比对照组产物分别显著提升了0.64和0.22倍(P<0.05).蚯蚓堆肥产物EPS层中的蛋白质和多糖的总含量比对照组产物分别降低了32.77%和31.54%.三维荧光结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥过程中蛋白质的荧光强度下降速率比对照组更高,其腐殖质在堆肥后期一直处于较高水平.污泥蚯蚓堆肥产物的紧密结合层(TB-EPS)和松散结合层(LB-EPS)中的色氨酸含量比对照组分别减少7.69%和13.62%,而LB-EPS和粘液层(SEPS)中腐殖酸含量比对照组分别增加了25.1%和7.82%.蚯蚓堆肥期间的硝酸盐氮含量和电导率均同SEPS、LB-EPS结构中的DOC、蛋白质和多糖含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),其总DOC含量与EPS各层中的DOC及多糖含量呈显著相关性(P<0.05).实验过程中对照组仅有机质和DOC含量同EPS各层多糖含量呈显著相关(P<0.05).研究表明,蚯蚓堆...     

有效微生物群(EM)中抑藻酵母及其活性物质特性

采用选择性培养基从有效微生物群(EM)中富集出酵母菌,通过向对数增长期的混合藻液中加入酵母菌、葡萄糖、酵母菌+葡萄糖、经酵母菌发酵除菌后的葡萄糖溶液分别考察了其对水华藻的抑制效应.结果表明,混合酵母菌自身对于水华藻没有抑制作用,单独添加葡萄糖的水华藻甚至出现快速增殖;而在添加葡萄糖+酵母菌或酵母菌发酵液的实验中水华藻近似被完全抑制,最大抑制率达97%.据此可知,抑制水华藻增殖的并非酵母菌自身,而是具有高热稳定性的胞外分泌物.HPLC-SEC与三维荧光光谱分析表明,酵母菌发酵液中含有明显的芳环类羧酸及蛋白质物质,但由于其在高温灭菌后仍有良好的抑藻活性,因而进一步确定其抑藻活性物质为含苯环的有机酸.此外,依据对实验中水华藻细胞形态的显微镜观察,该酸性胞外物可能是通过破坏藻细胞的叶绿体结构来达到抑藻效果的.     

Toxicity and metabolism of copper pyrithione and its degradation product, 2,2'-dipyridyldisulfide in a marine polychaete

We conducted acute toxicity tests and sediment toxicity tests for copper pyrithione (CuPT) and a metal pyrithione degradation product, 2,2′-dipyridyldisulfide [(PS)₂], using a marine polychaete Perinereis nuntia. The acute toxicity tests yielded 14-d LC₅₀ concentrations for CuPT and (PS)₂ of 0.06 mg L⁻¹ and 7.9 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Sediment toxicity tests resulted in 14-d LC₅₀ concentrations for CuPT and (PS)₂ of 1.1 mg kg⁻¹ dry wt. and 14 mg kg⁻¹ dry wt., respectively. In addition to mortality, sediment avoidance behavior and decreases in animal growth rate were observed; growth rate was the most susceptible endpoint in the sediment toxicity tests of both toxicants. Thus, we propose lowest observed effect concentrations of 0.3 mg kg⁻¹ dry wt. and 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ dry wt. for CuPT and (PS)₂, respectively, and no observed effect concentrations of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ dry wt. for both CuPT and (PS)₂. The difference in the toxicity values between CuPT and (PS)₂ observed in the acute toxicity test was greater than the difference in these values in the sediment toxicity test, and we attribute this to (PS)₂ being more hydrophilic than CuPT. In addition to the toxicity tests, we analyzed conjugation activity of several polychaete enzymes to the toxicants and marked activity of palmitoyl coenzyme-A:biocides acyltransferase and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase was observed.     

Biomarker responses as indication of contaminant effects in Oreochromis niloticus

The current study investigated oxidative stress parameters (enzymes activities, metallothionein content and lipid peroxidation) in freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus, tilapia exposure to Monjolinho River (in 4 months of year: January, April, July and November). One critical site in Monjolinho River (site B) was assessed in comparison to a reference site (site A). Water pH and oxygen concentration was lower than that recommended by CONAMA (Brazilian National Environmental Committee), resolution 357/2005 for protection of aquatic communities, and ammonium and the metals Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe (on all months) concentrations were higher than the maximum concentration recommended. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly decreased in liver and muscle in tilapia from Monjolinho River, throughout the year, in relation to reference except in gills that SOD activity increased. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly increased in liver of the tilapia from Monjolinho River in all sites, in relation to reference except in gills that GST activity increased in July and decreased in November, suggesting that GST activity could be induced to neutralize the pollutants toxicity. On the other hand, GST activity was significantly decreased in white muscle indicating a toxic effect of pollutants, resulting in a decreased ability of tilapia to perform defense reactions associated to GSTs. The decrease of catalase (CAT) activity in gills of the O. niloticus together with the increase of SOD activity, could explain the increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) level in this organ. Metallothionein levels in liver and gills were significantly high in all sites. Results indicate that the exposure to metals caused severe damage to tissues; despite the consensually assumed antioxidant induction as a sign of exposure to contaminants the effects seem in part to be mediated by suppression of antioxidant system with SOD, CAT and GPx as potential candidates for tissues toxicity biomarkers of pollutants.     

Reduced activity of alkaline phosphatase due to host–guest interactions with humic superstructures

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied to directly study the interactions between the alkaline phosphatase enzyme (AP) and two different humic acids from a volcanic soil (HA-V) and a Lignite deposit (HA-L). Addition of humic matter to enzyme solutions caused signals broadening in ¹H-NMR spectra, and progressive decrease and increase of enzyme relaxation (T₁ and T₂) and correlation (τ_C) times, respectively. Spectroscopic changes were explained with formation of ever larger weakly-bound humic–enzyme complexes, whose translational and rotational motion was increasingly restricted. NMR diffusion experiments also showed that the AP diffusive properties were progressively reduced with formation of large humic–enzyme complexes. The more hydrophobic HA-L affected spectral changes more than the more hydrophilic HA-V. ¹H-NMR spectra also showed the effect of progressively greater humic–enzyme complexes on the hydrolysis of an enzyme substrate, the 4-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt hexahydrate (p-NPP). While AP catalysis concomitantly decreased NMR signals of p-NPP and increased those of nitrophenol, addition of humic matter progressively and significantly slowed down the rate of change for these signals. In agreement with the observed spectral changes, the AP catalytic activity was more largely inhibited by HA-L than by HA-V. Contrary to previous studies, in which humic–enzyme interactions were only indirectly assumed from changes in spectrophotometric behavior of enzyme substrates, the direct measurements of AP behavior by NMR spectroscopy indicated that humic materials formed weakly-bound host–guest complexes with alkaline phosphatase, and the enzyme catalytic activity was thereby significantly inhibited. These results suggest that the role of extracellular enzymes in soils may be considerably reduced when they come in contact with organic matter dissolved in the soil solution.     

Toxic effects of four sulphonylureas herbicides on soil microbial biomass

The effect of four triazinyl-sulfonylurea herbicides (cinosulfuron, prosulfuron, thifensulfuron methyl, triasulfuron) on soil microbial biomass, soil respiration, metabolic activity, metabolic quotient, and some enzymatic activities (acid and alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) were monitored under controlled conditions over 30 days. The herbicides were applied at the normal field dose (FD) and at ten-fold (10 FD) the field dose, in order to mimic a long term toxic effect. The measured soil microbial parameters showed that the FD had slight effects on soil microflora, while at 10 FD the tested herbicides exerted a stronger detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass and its biochemical activities.     

Pesticide risk assessment: A study on inhalation and dermal exposure to 2,4-D and paraquat among Malaysian paddy farmers

A cross-section analytical study was conducted to evaluate the risk of pesticide exposure to those applying the Class II pesticides 2,4-D and paraquat in the paddy-growing areas of Kerian, Perak, Malaysia. It investigated the influence of weather on exposure as well as documented health problems commonly related to pesticide exposure. Potential inhalation and dermal exposure for 140 paddy farmers (handlers of pesticides) were assessed. Results showed that while temperature and humidity affected exposure, windspeed had the strongest impact on pesticide exposure via inhalation. However, the degree of exposure to both herbicides via inhalation was below the permissible exposure limits set by United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Dermal Exposure Assessment Method (DREAM) readings showed that dermal exposure with manual spraying ranged from moderate to high. With motorized sprayers, however, the level of dermal exposure ranged from low to moderate. Dermal exposure was significantly negatively correlated with the usage of protective clothing. Various types of deleterious health effects were detected among users of manual knapsack sprayers. Long-term spraying activities were positively correlated with increasing levels of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) liver enzyme. The type of spraying equipment, usage of proper protective clothing and adherence to correct spraying practices were found to be the most important factors influencing the degree of pesticide exposure among those applying pesticides.     

球孢白僵菌胞外蛋白酶及类枯草杆菌蛋白酶的诱导

研究了接种物和诱导物对球孢白僵菌总胞外蛋白酶及类枯草杆菌蛋白酶（Ｐｒ１）产生的影响。结果表明,球孢白僵菌不同接种物产生的总胞外蛋白酶及Ｐｒ１活性有明显差异;不同诱导物对产酶水平也有较大影响。其中芽管状物在蝉蜕诱导液中的总胞外蛋白酶和Ｐｒ１活性均最高,诱导１２ｈ酶活性达高峰,不同来源的菌丝产酶水平有差异,在诱导液中,接种物总胞外蛋白酶和Ｐｒ１的变化趋势一致,但总胞外蛋白酶活性和Ｐｒ１活力间没有直接的     

Role of extracellular compounds in Cd-sequestration relative to Cd uptake by bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti

The role of bacterially derived compounds in Cd(II) complexation and uptake by bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti wild type (WT) and genetically modified ExoY-mutant, deficient in exopolysaccharide production, was explored combining chemical speciation measurements and assays with living bacteria. Obtained results demonstrated that WT- and ExoY-strains excreted siderophores in comparable amounts, while WT-strain produced much higher amount of exopolysaccharides and less exoproteins. An evaluation of Cd(II) distribution in bacterial suspensions under short term exposure conditions, showed that most of the Cd is bound to bacterial surface envelope, including Cd bound to the cell wall and to the attached extracellular polymeric substances. However, the amount of Cd bound to the dissolved extracellular compounds increases at high Cd(II) concentrations. The implications of these findings to more general understanding of the Cd(II) fate and cycling in the environment is discussed.     

初级基质对降解菌Pseudomonasputida共代谢苯扎贝特的影响

通过对3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法测定还原糖含量各影响因素的筛选,优化确定了显色时间8min,稳定时间10min,最佳波长490nm下进行吸光度测定的检测方法;分析分别以葡萄糖和麦芽糖作为外加碳源时,降解菌Pseudo—monasputidaB-31的生长情况和共代谢降解典型药物苯扎贝特（BZF）的过程。结果表明,降解菌只有在外加碳源的条件下才可正常生长,而且其在葡萄糖环境中生长得更好;拟合得到的葡萄糖、麦芽糖和BZF代谢动力学结果显示,葡萄糖对BZF去除的促进作用更为明显,同时从葡萄糖培养基中降解菌所提取的酶比活力要高于麦芽糖培养基,分析原因可能是葡萄糖所诱导的降解菌关键酶活力更强,而且还可能会产生不同的蛋白质点位。