Optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon compositions for reducing exhaust emissions

Effects of hydrocarbon compositions on raw exhaust emissions and combustion processes were studied on an engine test bench. The optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon composition was discussed. As olefins content increased from 10.0% to 25.0% in volume, the combustion duration was shortened by about 2 degree crank angle ( CA), and the engine-out THC emission was reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, as aromatics content changed from 35.0% to 45.0%, the engine-out NOx emissions increased by 4%. An increment in olefins content resulted in a slight increase in engine-out CO emission, while the aromatics content had little e ect on engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions. Over the new European driving cycle (NEDC), the THC, NOx and CO emissions of fuel with 25.0% olefins and 35.0% aromatics were about 45%, 21% and 19% lower than those of fuel with 10.0% olefins and 40.0% aromatics, respectively. The optimized gasoline compositions for new engines and new vehicles have low aromatics and high olefins contents.     

Biodegradability of soil water soluble organic carbon extracted from seven di erent soils

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is considered the most mobile and reactive soil carbon source and its characterization is an important issue for soil ecology study. A biodegradability test was set up to study WSOC extracted from 7 soils di erently managed. WSOC was extracted from soil with water (soil/water ratio of 1:2, W/V) for 30 min, and then tested for biodegradability by a liquid state respirometric test. Result obtained confirmed the finding that WSOC biodegradability depended on the both land use and management practice. These results suggested the biodegradability test as suitable method to characterize WSOC, and provided useful information to soil fertility.     

上海市街道灰尘中PBDEs的含量水平、来源及组成特性

以上海市为研究区域,对16个监测点的街道灰尘中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量水平、来源和组成特性进行研究。于2013年11月份采集16个街道灰尘样品,对其进行索氏提取和层析净化等前处理后采用GC-MS对12种待测PBDEs目标化合物进行定量定性检测分析。结果表明:12种PBDEs化合物全部被检出,16个采集点采集的街道灰尘中PBDEs质量比在12.046~82.835 ng/g,平均质量比为38.428 ng/g,不但高于苏州、无锡、南通等地的街道灰尘样本,而且远高于上海市土壤中PBDEs质量比;通过层次聚类分析得出上海市中心城区的PBDEs污染来源基本相同,主要为含有PBDEs产品在使用过程中PBDEs的释放,各郊区PBDEs污染物来源则各不相同,主要为各郊区工业区生产过程中PBDEs的释放;主要污染物有BED-47和BDE-49;监测点街道灰尘中PBDEs的质量比分布差别较大,各个监测点PBDEs的污染还处于不断变化中。     

辽河流域生态景观结构变化及驱动力研究

对辽河流域景观结构进行分析的结果表明,2000年-2010年间,辽河流域自然景观类型面积变化不明显,结构稳定;而人工景观变化明显,居民区、交通用地等人工表面持续增加,农田面积持续减少,景观破碎化趋势明显.生态环境保护政策的实施使林地、草地、湿地等自然景观得到保护,为流域生态系统的演替提供了正向干扰;工业化进程和人口增长作为流域景观变化的主要驱动力,是人工表面增加和农田面积减少及破碎化的直接原因.     

不同修复材料对铅锌尾砂中DTPA浸提态Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量的影响

采矿业产生的大量尾砂作为典型的污染源,其含有的重金属等有害成分在雨水浸淋下会直接或间接对周边环境造成污染。为研究尾砂中重金属的污染修复技术,以湖南郴州某废弃矿区的尾砂为研究对象,通过添加质量分数为2.0%的生石灰、还原铁粉、过磷酸钙等廉价修复材料,对尾砂中DTPA浸提态Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的含量变化进行研究,并就其含量变化所体现的时间效应及机理进行探讨。研究发现,还原铁粉对尾砂的修复作用最好,其次是过磷酸钙。还原铁粉使得尾砂中DTPA浸提态Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的含量分别降低了59.91%,56.53%,75.81%,35.78%;过磷酸钙使得尾砂DTPA浸提态Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的含量分别降低了48.85%,44.27%,44.27%,39.23%,可为尾砂中重金属稳定化工程实施提供参考。     

大亚湾大中型浮游动物的时空变化及其影响因素

根据2006年7月至2007年l1月在大亚湾四个季节的浮游动物调查资料,分析了大亚湾浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、群落结构、丰度和生物量的时空变化以及环境对其影响.经鉴定共有终生浮游动物105种和阶段性浮游幼虫17个类群.与以往调查资料相比,部分优势种的优势程度顺序发生了改变.由于受到季风、环流和人类活动等的影响,大亚湾...     

植物利用碳酸氢根离子的特征分析

以构树、椿树、金银花、盆肤木等植物为材料,分析植物的碳酸酐酶活力与δ13 C的关系,结果表明,碳酸酐酶的活力与δ13C值呈显著的正相关.以甘蓝型油菜、诸葛菜、构树、桑树为实验材料,通过测定植物叶片稳定碳同位素组成以及光合速率来获得植物利用碳酸氢根离子的信息,结果表明,构树和诸葛菜碳酸氢根离子的利用能力明显地大于桑树和甘...     

泉州市表层土中多环芳烃的含量、来源及其生态风险评价

采集了泉州市不同功能区的33个表层土壤（0～10 cm）样品,利用超高效液相色谱系统（UPLC）-荧光检测器法,研究了土壤中15种优控多环芳烃的含量和分布特征,并利用比值法、因子分析和多元线性回归法对其来源进行了分析,以及采用苯并（a）芘的毒性当量浓度（TEQBaP）评价了土壤中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,土壤中15...     

北京市垃圾问题的现状及对策

介绍了北京市近年垃圾的产量、成分、热值及其变化情况。并对北京市垃圾处理所遵循的方针以及为处理垃圾做的工作,垃圾处理项目建设的进展情况作了简要介绍。目前北京市垃圾处理率约40%,到2000年可达到60%以上,处理垃圾要逐步达到以焚烧和实现资源化为主,适当发展堆肥处理,尽量减少填埋处理的垃圾量。文中另就垃圾的资源化、产业化发表了意见。为了加快处理垃圾、减轻政府负担,应逐步建立处理垃圾的产业,并逐步实现社会化,为此建议政府应制定相应的优惠政策。      

A Comparison of Precipitation Sensors Used on the Wet-Only Collectors

The variability in performance of three precipitation sensor types, mounted on three identical wet-only collectors, has been compared for eight months at a single site. The catch efficiencies, determined from the sample volumes, are relatively high for these three apparatuses, since they exceed 89% on average. The recorded data of openings and closings of collector lids reveal that the highest losses of collection efficiency, observed for rainfalls of low intensity and low amount, are largely imputable to design and running characteristics of each sensor. Ionic compositions between the samples of these three collectors are relatively close, although significant differences are especially found for H⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, suggesting that these apparatuses are differently exposed to the dry deposition of soil particles. The RS 85 sensor seems to be the most suitable one of the three, since it ensures a high catch efficiency for all rain types and tends to limit the exposures of funnel to the dry deposition.