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171.
H. Plaisance S. Sauvage P. Coddeville R. Guillermo 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1998,51(3):657-671
The variability in performance of three precipitation sensor types, mounted on three identical wet-only collectors, has been compared for eight months at a single site. The catch efficiencies, determined from the sample volumes, are relatively high for these three apparatuses, since they exceed 89% on average. The recorded data of openings and closings of collector lids reveal that the highest losses of collection efficiency, observed for rainfalls of low intensity and low amount, are largely imputable to design and running characteristics of each sensor. Ionic compositions between the samples of these three collectors are relatively close, although significant differences are especially found for H+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+, suggesting that these apparatuses are differently exposed to the dry deposition of soil particles. The RS 85 sensor seems to be the most suitable one of the three, since it ensures a high catch efficiency for all rain types and tends to limit the exposures of funnel to the dry deposition. 相似文献
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吉林省城市大气降水pH值时空分异及成因 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
通过对吉林省8个代表城市1992-1997年大气降水观测数据的统计分析,对大气降水PH值的时空分异进行了探讨。结果表明:吉林省中西部城市大气降水基本呈中性;东部的图们,珲春两市大气降水酸化亚得,多年平均降水PH分别为5.12和5.38;全省碱性降水多集中在吉林市。 相似文献
175.
为研究地铁系统在极端降雨灾害下的人员疏散过程,分析人员疏散过程影响因素和改善方法,将数值模拟方法与模糊逻辑理论相结合,在传统元胞自动机疏散模型中引入人员疏散行为选择机制,模拟地铁隧道遭受洪水侵入以及采取改善措施后的疏散情况。研究结果表明:引入人员疏散行为选择机制可以较真实地模拟极端降雨下受限空间中的人员疏散过程;采取改善方案后,人员被迫改变疏散行为的比例下降53.95%,人群疏散安全度由0.201提升至0.633;当采取与防洪能力不适应的疏散平台高度时,疏散安全度较采取合理设施时平均下降30%且差异较大;硬件设施满足安全度达到0.6为宜,按照最终安全度为1设计疏散方案,可使硬件设施设计与疏散方案制定更加合理配套。研究结果可为地铁系统防洪设计与管理提供参考。 相似文献
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为提高腐蚀管道失效压力的预测精度并简化其计算过程,提出基于粗糙集(RS)和粒子群算法(PSO)融合极限学习机(ELM)的腐蚀管道失效压力预测模型。通过属性约简提取影响失效压力的关键因素,选用PSO优化ELM的输入权值和隐含层偏差,将归一化的核心指标数据代入计算。结果表明:该模型预测结果与实际值基本一致,与单一ELM模型相比,预测结果的均方差(MSE)降至0.255;与其他蚀管道失效压力评价模型相比,该模型预测结果的绝对误差平均值降至0.32。 相似文献
178.
Analysis of Meteorological Drought Pattern During Different Climatic and Cropping Seasons in Bangladesh
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Mahiuddin Alamgir Shamsuddin Shahid Manzul Kumar Hazarika Syams Nashrrullah Sobri Bin Harun Supiah Shamsudin 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(3):794-806
Drought is one of the most frequent natural disasters in Bangladesh which severely affect agro‐based economy and people's livelihood in almost every year. Characterization of droughts in a systematic way is therefore critical in order to take necessary actions toward drought mitigation and sustainable development. In this study, standardized precipitation index is used to understand the spatial distribution of meteorological droughts during various climatic seasons such as premonsoon, monsoon, and winter seasons as well as cropping seasons such as Pre‐Kharif (March‐May), Kharif (May‐October), and Rabi (December‐February). Rainfall data collected from 29 rainfall gauge stations located in different parts of the country were used for a period of 50 years (1961‐2010). The study reveals that the spatial characteristics of droughts vary widely according to season. Premonsoon droughts are more frequent in the northwest, monsoon droughts mainly occur in the west and northwest, winter droughts in the west, and the Rabi and Kharif droughts are more frequent in the north and northwest of Bangladesh. It is expected that the findings of the study will support drought monitoring and mitigation activities in Bangladesh. 相似文献
179.
以酸性氯化铜蚀刻废液为原料,在Na2CO3和助剂A存在下,采用一步沉淀法制备碱式碳酸铜。考察了反应pH、n(Na2CO3)∶n(助剂A)、反应时间和反应温度对碱式碳酸铜制备效果的影响,并采用XRD、TG 及SEM对产品进行了表征。实验结果表明:在反应pH 7.0、沉淀剂配比n(Na2CO3)∶n(助剂A)=1∶2、反应时间1.0 h、反应温度70 ℃的条件下,产品的w(Cu2+)达55.62%,w(Cl-)为0.013%,符合HG/T 4825—2015《工业碱式碳酸铜》的要求;蚀刻废液中Cu2+的回收率接近100%。表征结果表明,制得的产品为单一组分CuCO3·Cu(OH)2,小颗粒为直径1.8~5.4 μm的不规则球形,团聚后的大颗粒呈姜块状形貌,粒径为48~75 μm。 相似文献
180.
Nicholas J. Georgiadis Joel E. Baker 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2023,59(5):970-983
In Pacific Northwest streams, summer low flows limit water available to competing instream (salmon) and out-of-stream (human) uses, creating broad interest in how and why low flows are trending. Analyses that assumed linear (monotonic) change over the last ~60 years revealed declining low flow trends in minimally disturbed streams. Here, polynomials were used to model flow trends between 1929 and 2015. A multidecadal oscillation was observed in flows, which increased initially from the 1930s until the 1950s, declined until the 1990s, and then increased again. A similar oscillation was detected in precipitation series, and opposing oscillations in surface temperature, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation series. Multidecadal oscillations with similar periods to those described here are well known in climate indices. Fitted model terms were consistent with flow trends being influenced by at least two drivers, one oscillating and the other monotonic. Anthropogenic warming is a candidate driver for the monotonic decline, and variation in (internal) climatic circulation for the oscillating trend, but others were not ruled out. The recent upturn in streamflows suggests that anthropogenic warming has not been the dominant factor driving streamflow trends, at least until 2015. Climate projections based on simulations that omit drivers of multidecadal variation are likely to underestimate the range, and rate of change, of future climatic variation. 相似文献