Estimating separation distance loss probability between aircraft in uncontrolled airspace in simulation

In this article, collision probability between aircraft in uncontrolled airspace is estimated. For that purpose, a large database of aircraft trajectories in the vicinity of Saint-Cyr-l’Ecole airfield (France) is considered and maps of probability collision from simulated aircraft are then estimated. Since the collision between aircraft is a rare event, we applied an importance splitting estimation technique rather than crude Monte Carlo simulations to reduce the variance of the probability estimation. In this study, we demonstrate the high local variability of collision probability in uncontrolled airspace and conclude on the difficulty to set general probability requirements.     

突发事件应急准备与应急预案系统平台设计与实现

随着近几年我国在应急准备与应急预案体系建设方面需求的不断增长,围绕突发事件风险评估、应急准备框架、应急预案系统和预案运行基础等核心问题取得了大量科研成果,但由于在技术层面缺少相应的集成系统支撑,导致相应成果在实际应用中达不到标准化、工具化、系统化的要求,进一步影响相应成果在政府、企业等应急管理主体中的推广与应用。针对此类问题,提出1套高度集成的突发事件应急准备与应急预案系统平台的设计与实现思路,从集成业务分析、集成功能框架、集成系统架构与数据结构、集成系统实现关键技术等4个方面进行针对性讨论,研究结果表明:提出的集成系统不但能够从业务功能角度涵盖应急准备与应急预案体系统建设方面的需求,而且从系统模块与数据融合角度能够实现较好的集成与共享,可为相应应急准备与应急预案体系的建设与工程应用提供参考。     

生产事故引发环境事件应急演练的典型问题剖析

当前基层组织的突发环境事件应急演练重点不明确,多数裹挟着厚重的生产事故救援内容,甚至偏离了环境应急演练主题,这对真实突发环境事件应对是不利的。基于最坏情景演练思想,剖析生产事故与环境事件的演练重点,厘清生产事故引发环境事件的处置流程和演练模式,并借助化工企业甲醇泄漏事故引发环境事件的桌面推演实例,廓清复杂环境事件应急演练的构设方法与实施步骤。结果表明:生产事故引发环境事件应急演练策划设计中,生产事故应急部分可有效集成为向环境应急提供信息的通道,提供关键处置结果作为环境应急主题演练的响应信息即可;生产事故引发环境事件应急演练组织实施中,重点凸显环境应急决策和部署情况,可根据演练场景需要,重点设置应急监测、污染控制、事故调查等应急功能（组）,以考查或展示环境综合应急能力。     

基于情景要素的电网大面积停电事件情景序列构建方法研究

为了进一步做好电网大面积停电事件应对工作,针对电网大面积停电事件外部致因条件与事件内部演化规律不清的问题,采用“情景-构建”方法梳理事件情景要素,并在历史事故案例数据以及大量应急演练数据的基础上,综合运用数据挖掘方法,建立相关事件情景的逻辑与时间序列,为电网大面积停电事件的应急响应与决策指挥等工作提供科学、合理的理论支持,相关研究思路与方法也可为电力企业其它类型突发事件的应急管理工作提供参考。     

Performance evaluation on the pollution control against wet weather overflow based on on-site coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage pipes

• A way for overflow control based on on-site coagulation/flocculation was proposed. • Coagulant and flocculant dose were optimized based on pollutant removal performance. • Settling time of 5 min is enough in a proper transmission distance. • Fast removal of particulate pollutants could be achieved under varied flow. The pollution caused by wet weather overflow in urban drainage systems is a main factor causing blackening an odorization of urban rivers. The conventional overflow treatment based on coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage systems requires relatively large space and long retention time demand that makes it not applicable in crowded urban drainage systems or under heavy rains. On-site coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage pipes was proposed in this study which was aimed to transfer the coagulation/flocculation process to the inside of pipes at the terminal drainage system to save space and reduce the retention time of the coagulation/flocculation process. The optimized dose of chemicals was studied first which was 80 mg/L of coagulant and 0.8 mg/L of flocculant. Settling for only 5 min can remove most of the pollutants at 406.5 m of transmission distance. In addition, the relation of wet weather overflow rate and concentration of pollution load on the on-site coagulation/flocculation process was investigated, which indicated that high removal of pollutant was gained at a large range of flow velocity and pollutant concentration. Finally, the study confirmed electric neutralization, bridging, and net capture as the major mechanisms in this process, and further optimization was proposed. The proposed process can reduce much turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total phosphorous, but hardly remove soluble ammonia and organics. This work provides scientific guidance to address wet weather overflow in terminal drainage pipes.     

2014~2016年成都地区空气污染气象要素分型研究

为研究成都地区发生不同程度空气污染时,地面气象要素的搭配类型特征,基于成都地区2014~2016年多个逐日气象要素值(气温、气压、湿度等)和逐日AQI资料,对2014~2016年成都地区空气质量状况进行特征分析,并且通过TSI天气分型方法,并结合同期逐日空气质量资料探讨了四季不同天气类型下空气质量特征,主要结果为:(1)2014~2016年成都市总体空气质量夏秋季空气质量最佳,春季次之,冬季最差。(2)不同天气类型空气质量状况差异较大。春季3型和4型容易发生轻度污染;夏季1型和4型容易发生轻度污染;秋季3型容易出现轻度污染;冬季4型和5型天气下容易发生轻度污染以上的空气污染状况。研究为成都地区空气污染气象研究提供参考依据,也为空气污染预报提供一些借鉴意义。     

四川盆地极端暴雨水汽输送特征分析

论文利用1961—2015年四川盆地104个国家气象站资料和同期NCEP资料,筛选四川盆地极端暴雨过程并进行分型,引入拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型（HYSPLIT 4）,定量分析了不同类型极端暴雨过程850 hPa和700 hPa上的水汽输送特征。结果表明：1）四川盆地全盆移动型和盆西型极端暴雨不同层次上的水汽输送轨迹有所不同。850 hPa上全盆移动型水汽输送轨迹主要有4条,而盆西型主要有5条;700 hPa上全盆移动型和盆西型水汽轨迹都主要有3条。2）不同后向追踪时间,两类极端暴雨过程850 hPa的水汽来源大值区有所不同。后向追踪1 d,两类极端暴雨过程的水汽来源大值区都出现在西南地区东部;后向追踪3 d,全盆移动型的水汽大值区出现在两广交界处以及北部湾附近,而盆西型的水汽大值区出现在湖北西部至两广交界处以及印度半岛北部;后向追踪9 d,两类极端暴雨过程相同的水汽来源大值区为斯里兰卡岛附近的印度洋洋面,此外,全盆移动型的另一个大值区为菲律宾岛附近的太平洋洋面,盆西型的另一个大值区为中南半岛东部沿海。3）追踪到不同类型极端暴雨过程不同层次上的水汽源地,并定量分析了不同水汽源地的贡献率。850 hPa上全盆移动型主要水汽源地有3个：阿拉伯海-孟加拉湾地区、西太平洋、东亚大陆及临海。盆西型主要水汽源地也有3个：南海、孟加拉湾、中国东部及沿海;700 hPa上全盆移动型水汽源地有3个：阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾-南海、东海。盆西型主要水汽源地有2个：孟加拉湾和南海。     

Trauma and short-fuse weather warning perceptions

The purpose of this research was to assess the importance of psychological trauma in understanding reactions to short lead time weather warnings. The research consisted of two case studies, one in Denver, Colorado and the other in Austin, Texas. A total of 61 individuals with 9 or greater traumas were compared to 281 non-trauma exposed individuals. Results demonstrated significant differences on questions related to general beliefs about flash floods and warning perceptions as well as reported anticipated actions during a flash flood at home. Results suggest high trauma exposure may lead to more threat sensitivity and a higher probability of initiated action in a home-based flash flood.     

Climate change implications for disaster risk management in Japan: A case study on perceptions of risk management personnel and communities in Saijo city

This paper reviews climate change impacts and the existing disaster risk management system in Japan and offers the results of a structured questionnaire survey of the community leaders and disaster risk management personnel of Saijo city of Japan that assesses their perceptions about dealing with the extreme disasters by the existing disaster risk management systems. This study was inspired by the record number of typhoon landfall that has surprised the local government and communities in 2004. While unearthing the hidden vulnerabilities in cities like Saijo, this event has loosened the confidence of local communities on the disaster risk management systems. From the study, we conclude that the existing disaster risk management systems need further fillip and that the proactive community involvement in disaster risk management is still in nascent stages. Associating with the scientific community, involving the local communities (including the elderly), enhancing the redundancy in disaster risk management systems, inculcating strategic thinking and micro-level planning, conducting vulnerability assessments by considering the special circumstances including resource constraints of small cities and better policy coordination across the administrative hierarchy are some important considerations for dealing with the uncertainty brought by the extreme events.     

浙江三门湾沉积记录:U k37表层海水温度和浮游植物群落变化与El Ni?o/La Ni?a的关联

应用三门湾沉积柱样中长链烯酮不饱和指数(U k37)与表层海水温度SST的关系重建历史上的El Ni?o/La Ni?a事件;利用3种浮游植物标志物菜子甾醇(brassicasterol)、甲藻甾醇(dinosterol)和长链烯酮C37(alkenones)来恢复单一种硅藻Diatom、甲藻Dinoflagellates和颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi变化.研究结果表明:(1)U k37估算温度在15.19~17.61℃波动,与当地秋季海水实测温度接近.U k37估算的温度清晰地再现了全球变暖的趋势,且其波动可能与El Ni?o/La Ni?a震荡有关.(2)浮游植物标志物总含量变化范围为710.7~6998.5 ng·g-1,180年以来呈总体上升趋势.沉积记录中硅藻相对比例最高、甲藻次之,硅藻/甲藻比值在2.1~7.2波动,表现出近岸浮游植物对海洋环境变化的敏感性.(3)El Ni?o/La Ni?a事件可影响到浮游植物细胞丰度以及群落结构变化,在El Ni?o盛期,浮游植物细胞丰度剧增,而浮游植物种类数及群集多样性程度明显减少.另外,浮游植物细胞丰度的季节性规律不明显,El Ni?o事件可能是影响三门湾海域浮游植物生产力的主要因素.