Climate change implications for disaster risk management in Japan: A case study on perceptions of risk management personnel and communities in Saijo city

This paper reviews climate change impacts and the existing disaster risk management system in Japan and offers the results of a structured questionnaire survey of the community leaders and disaster risk management personnel of Saijo city of Japan that assesses their perceptions about dealing with the extreme disasters by the existing disaster risk management systems. This study was inspired by the record number of typhoon landfall that has surprised the local government and communities in 2004. While unearthing the hidden vulnerabilities in cities like Saijo, this event has loosened the confidence of local communities on the disaster risk management systems. From the study, we conclude that the existing disaster risk management systems need further fillip and that the proactive community involvement in disaster risk management is still in nascent stages. Associating with the scientific community, involving the local communities (including the elderly), enhancing the redundancy in disaster risk management systems, inculcating strategic thinking and micro-level planning, conducting vulnerability assessments by considering the special circumstances including resource constraints of small cities and better policy coordination across the administrative hierarchy are some important considerations for dealing with the uncertainty brought by the extreme events.     

浙江三门湾沉积记录:U k37表层海水温度和浮游植物群落变化与El Ni?o/La Ni?a的关联

应用三门湾沉积柱样中长链烯酮不饱和指数(U k37)与表层海水温度SST的关系重建历史上的El Ni?o/La Ni?a事件;利用3种浮游植物标志物菜子甾醇(brassicasterol)、甲藻甾醇(dinosterol)和长链烯酮C37(alkenones)来恢复单一种硅藻Diatom、甲藻Dinoflagellates和颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi变化.研究结果表明:(1)U k37估算温度在15.19~17.61℃波动,与当地秋季海水实测温度接近.U k37估算的温度清晰地再现了全球变暖的趋势,且其波动可能与El Ni?o/La Ni?a震荡有关.(2)浮游植物标志物总含量变化范围为710.7~6998.5 ng·g-1,180年以来呈总体上升趋势.沉积记录中硅藻相对比例最高、甲藻次之,硅藻/甲藻比值在2.1~7.2波动,表现出近岸浮游植物对海洋环境变化的敏感性.(3)El Ni?o/La Ni?a事件可影响到浮游植物细胞丰度以及群落结构变化,在El Ni?o盛期,浮游植物细胞丰度剧增,而浮游植物种类数及群集多样性程度明显减少.另外,浮游植物细胞丰度的季节性规律不明显,El Ni?o事件可能是影响三门湾海域浮游植物生产力的主要因素.     

天津城区秋冬季黑碳气溶胶观测与分析

利用天津大气边界层观测站2010年9月—2011年1月黑碳气溶胶、PM2.5质量浓度、大气能见度及常规气象观测数据,研究天津城区秋冬季黑碳气溶胶污染特征.结果表明,天津秋冬季黑碳气溶胶质量浓度均值7.24μg.m-3和6.46μg.m-3,分别占PM2.5质量的9.42%和7.98%,其吸收作用分别贡献大气消光的17.2%和17.6%;采用最大频数浓度法计算黑碳浓度本底值为2.50μg.m-3;黑碳浓度的日变化特征与天气过程有关,雾和霾天气下黑碳浓度较高,降水利于清除黑碳污染,秋季高浓度黑碳除局地源污染外,可能还与河北、山西、天津等地燃烧秸秆有关.     

Dynamic behavior of stormwater quality parameters in South Texas

To control water impairment in urban stormwater, it is important to evaluate changing patterns of water quality parameters in stormwater runoff. Thus, the authors performed a series of experiments to investigate the dynamics of common water parameters during storm events in semi-arid areas, with multiple samples collected and analyzed in field stormwater applications. At this field monitoring site within McAuliffe Park, McAllen, Texas, in the United States, a storm event increased the concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli), but this event represented a decreasing trend over the entire event period. Besides, peak intensity of different pollutants in the stormwater runoff occurred at different times other than at any peak flows, representing a complexity of the temporal and spatial measurements. Multi-sample perevent approaches recommended based on the complexity of the hydrograph and different peak intensity times of pollutants. In addition, high bacteria and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in the initial stage of the storm event should be considered when designing Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Low Impact Developments (LIDs). New strategies and solutions for addressing ecohydrological challenges should be proposed to avoid collateral damages to their both common wealth in ecosystems and human well-beings.     

基于火灾风险评估的企业火灾保险费率的厘定

我国的保险公司并不单独承保企业火灾保险,而是包含在企业财产保险中。本文基于财产保险业务统计结果,应用火灾风险评估技术,结合标的的占用性质和所采取的消防措施对企业火灾保险纯费率厘定方法进行了研究,提出了基于火灾风险评估技术和标的占用性质相耦合的火灾保险费率的厘定方法。     

拉萨市环境空气中NO2变化特征分析

选取用长光程差分光谱法监测的拉萨市2000年7月-2004年6月环境空气质量监测数据,分析了NO₂变化特征.结果表明:目前拉萨市ρ(NO₂)在<环境空气质量标准>(GB3095-1996)一级标准之内,但呈逐渐上升趋势.拉萨市ρ(NO₂)月均值呈明显的"U"字型分布规律,即1月和年末10-12月高,其他时间低;每年10月至次年1月,ρ(NO₂)月均值超过年均值,月均最高值均出现在12月;每日在8:00-12:00,20:00-24:00有2个高峰值区.汽车尾气、当地居民生活中的燃烧过程是目前拉萨市NO₂的主要产生源,特殊边界层气象条件影响拉萨市环境空气中ρ(NO₂)的变化规律.      

Trauma and short-fuse weather warning perceptions

The purpose of this research was to assess the importance of psychological trauma in understanding reactions to short lead time weather warnings. The research consisted of two case studies, one in Denver, Colorado and the other in Austin, Texas. A total of 61 individuals with 9 or greater traumas were compared to 281 non-trauma exposed individuals. Results demonstrated significant differences on questions related to general beliefs about flash floods and warning perceptions as well as reported anticipated actions during a flash flood at home. Results suggest high trauma exposure may lead to more threat sensitivity and a higher probability of initiated action in a home-based flash flood.     

长治市冰雹气候特征及预报研究

对1980—2003年长治市冰雹天气的气候背景进行了统计分析，明确了冰雹发生的时空尺度，地理分布，月、年际变化，冰雹发源地以及冰雹主要影响路径；利用500hPa天气图，给出了降雹的天气形势及高空冷空气的活动路径；分析了冰雹天气的0℃层高度、-20℃层高度、水汽条件和稳定度等参数；采用最优子集回归方法对850hPa和500hPa高空指标站进行了选取，分析了这些站点及本站14时（压、温、湿、风）的气象要素，建立了综合性预报模型。     

汽车塑料电镀手柄起泡原因探讨

B公司为某跨国汽公司车A公司提供的汽车用塑料电镀手柄,在墨西哥地区经过夏季炎热高温后,部分塑料手柄电镀层出现严重起泡现象.我们受A公司委托对样件和生产工艺过程中的一些物品做了相关试验和分析,初步查明了原因,及时解决了问题.     

Casualty treatment after earthquake disasters: development of a regional simulation model

This paper presents a new approach to the casualty treatment problem following a large-scale disaster, based on a mathematical model of how a regional health-care system responds to an earthquake event. The numbers and locations of casualties rescued alive, the scale of pre-hospital care, the post-earthquake hospital capacity, and the transport system are inputs to the model. The model simulates the movement of casualties from the stricken areas to hospitals. It predicts the number of casualties that die as well as other statistics about the health-care system response, such as waiting time before treatment. The model can be run with varying input assumptions to simulate alternative disaster response strategies. Preliminary runs demonstrate the potential of the model as a tool for planning and training.