1961~2010年大渡河流域极端降水事件变化特征

基于大渡河流域1961~2010年逐日降水数据资料,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、Morlet小波分析法,分析了近50a来大渡河流域极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明,大渡河流域的极端降水指数均呈现出相对稳定的波动增加;多年平均值均呈现出由西北向东南方向逐渐增多的分布特征,变化趋势的空间分布存在着区域差异:除强降水日数外,其他极端降水指数均呈现下游增加,上游减小的变化趋势,大渡河流域极端降水与年降水量变化趋势密切相关。大渡河流域各指数突变特征不一致,1d、5d最大降水量突变年集中在1974~1976年前后;强降水日数、极端降水量及极端强降水日数发生突变的年份分别为1984年、1979年及1977年,且突变后呈现明显的增大趋势。大渡河流域极端降水指数周期特征较复杂,但普遍存在5~10a的年际振荡周期和20~25a的年代际振荡周期,且25a是最强的主周期。     

近52a长江中下游地区极端降水的时空变化特征

长江中下游地区是我国主要农业区,同时也是降水异常,洪涝灾害频繁发生的地区之一,对长江中下游地区极端降水变化的研究,可以为该区农业生产及防洪减灾提供参考依据。利用1961~2012年间的长江中下游地区84个站点的逐日降水观测资料,基于年最大日降水(AM)序列与超门限峰值降水(POT)序列,通过滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验法、线性倾向估计等方法,分析了该地区极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)长江中下游地区近52a来极端降水量呈现为较明显的增加趋势,且极端降水量速率为9.3mm/10a,存在较为明显的年代际波动变化特征,1990年以后进入极端降水量偏多的时期;(2)AM与POT序列多年平均值大值主要分布在江西省大部、湖北东南部以及安徽南部;AM与POT序列多年标准差大值主要分布江西东南部与北部,湖北东南部以及湖南西北部;AM序列多年平均值与标准差均高于POT序列,AM序列年际间振幅要明显强于POT序列,极端降水年际变化幅度大于年内变化;(3)长江中下游沿岸地区年最大日降水量主要表现为增加趋势,长江以北的西部地区则主要表现为减少趋势;长江沿岸地区以及中东部地区的极端降水量主要表现为增加趋势,西部地区则主要表现为减少趋势。     

长三角地区重点源减排对PM2.5浓度的影响

应用中尺度天气-化学预报模式(WRF-Chem),基于重点源(八大重点行业与交通)一般与强化两组减排情景,针对2013年开展长三角地区重点源减排对PM_(2.5)浓度影响的模拟研究.长三角地区SO2、NOx、PM_(2.5)和NMVOC排放在一般减排情景下分别减少36.3%、26.3%、32.0%、14.6%,强化减排情景下分别减少51.4%、39.6%、37.6%、28.4%.模拟结果表明,两组减排情景下长三角地区国控点PM_(2.5)年均浓度分别下降1.4~26.7μg·m~(-3)和2.1~32.3μg·m~(-3),降幅分别为2.7%~23.1%和3.9%~27.5%,二次无机盐中硝酸盐对年均PM_(2.5)浓度的降低贡献最大.PM_(2.5)及二次无机盐浓度变化的季节特征均体现为冬季降幅最小,夏季降幅最大,并且随着减排力度的增强,夏季降幅的进一步降低程度最显著,导致削减效果的季节差异增大.重点源强化减排即可使得上海、江苏夏季PM_(2.5)浓度降低约20%.对大气氧化性的进一步分析表明,减排对四季大气氧化性均有不同程度的增强,加大减排力度后,大气氧化性进一步增强,有利于二次PM_(2.5)的生成,从而阻碍了PM_(2.5)浓度的降低.其中,冬季的阻碍作用最强,导致PM_(2.5)污染改善效果最差.夏季大气氧化性受减排影响较小,从而使得PM_(2.5)污染改善在四季中最有效.此外,春、秋季的阻碍作用也不容忽视.     

基于事件法研究巨灾对我国上市公司的影响——以汶川8.0级地震为例

采用事件法分析了2008年汶川8.0级地震对四川省上市公司的影响。首先,选取建筑、电力、化工行业上市公司为样本,计算分析样本上市公司股票日平均异常收益率(AR)和累积异常收益率(CAR)的波动情况,然后对其进行检验;结果表明:地震灾害对不同行业上市公司的影响时间和程度都不尽相同,对建筑行业上市公司有正面影响,对电力行业和化工行业上市公司有较大负面影响。最后,总结分析巨灾对上市公司影响,借鉴国外经验,考虑我国巨灾风险管理国情,提出构建我国上市公司巨灾风险管理建议。     

Analysis of Driver Evasive Maneuvering Prior to Intersection Crashes Using Event Data Recorders

Objective: Intersection crashes account for over 4,500 fatalities in the United States each year. Intersection Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (I-ADAS) are emerging vehicle-based active safety systems that have the potential to help drivers safely navigate across intersections and prevent intersection crashes and injuries. The performance of an I-ADAS is expected to be highly dependent upon driver evasive maneuvering prior to an intersection crash. Little has been published, however, on the detailed evasive kinematics followed by drivers prior to real-world intersection crashes. The objective of this study was to characterize the frequency, timing, and kinematics of driver evasive maneuvers prior to intersection crashes.

Methods: Event data recorders (EDRs) downloaded from vehicles involved in intersection crashes were investigated as part of NASS-CDS years 2001 to 2013. A total of 135 EDRs with precrash vehicle speed and braking application were downloaded to investigate evasive braking. A smaller subset of 59 EDRs that collected vehicle yaw rate was additionally analyzed to investigate evasive steering. Each vehicle was assigned to one of 3 precrash movement classifiers (traveling through the intersection, completely stopped, or rolling stop) based on the vehicle's calculated acceleration and observed velocity profile. To ensure that any significant steering input observed was an attempted evasive maneuver, the analysis excluded vehicles at intersections that were turning, driving on a curved road, or performing a lane change. Braking application at the last EDR-recorded time point was assumed to indicate evasive braking. A vehicle yaw rate greater than 4° per second was assumed to indicate an evasive steering maneuver.

Results: Drivers executed crash avoidance maneuvers in four-fifths of intersection crashes. A more detailed analysis of evasive braking frequency by precrash maneuver revealed that drivers performing complete or rolling stops (61.3%) braked less often than drivers traveling through the intersection without yielding (79.0%). After accounting for uncertainty in the timing of braking and steering data, the median evasive braking time was found to be between 0.5 to 1.5 s prior to impact, and the median initial evasive steering time was found to occur between 0.5 and 0.9 s prior to impact. The median average evasive braking deceleration for all cases was found to be 0.58 g. The median of the maximum evasive vehicle yaw rates was found to be 8.2° per second. Evasive steering direction was found to be most frequently in the direction of travel of the approaching vehicle.

Conclusions: The majority of drivers involved in intersection crashes were alert enough to perform an evasive action. Most drivers used a combination of steering and braking to avoid a crash. The average driver attempted to steer and brake at approximately the same time prior to the crash.     

2001~2019年气象条件对江苏省PM2.5分布的影响

利用区域在线空气质量模式WRF-Chem模拟研究了2001～2019年气象条件对江苏省PM_2.5浓度分布的影响.在排放源不变的情况下,气象条件引起的江苏省PM_2.5年均浓度的最强正、负异常分别出现在2008和2001年,它们的异常值相对于多年平均值分别占比10.5%和-14.3%,表明气象条件对PM_2.5浓度年际变化有明显影响.经验正交函数分解的结果表明,气象条件对江苏省PM_2.5浓度的空间分布的影响具有一致性.边界层高度、温度、相对湿度、风速和降水整体上都与江苏省PM_2.5浓度呈现显著负相关关系.以上气象因子所构建的线性回归方程能较好地描述PM_2.5浓度和气象条件之间的关系,其拟合值与模拟值相关性为0.73,通过了99%的信度水平检验.     

基于多尺度排列熵和极限学习机的风机叶片覆冰故障检测方法*

针对风机叶片结冰故障检测中状态数据维度高和检测率低的问题,提出1种使用功率数据驱动的多尺度排列熵（multiscale permutation entropy,MPE）和极限学习机（extreme learning machine,ELM）的风机叶片结冰故障检测方法。首先,使用多尺度排列熵提取功率数据的多重尺度特征,得到特征向量;随后,采用极限学习机,结合环境温度,对结冰故障进行检测;最后,通过使用某风电场的数据采集与监视控制系统（supervisory control and data acquisition,SCADA）对数据进行仿真。研究结果表明:所提方法的故障检测率达到100％,同时虚警率仅有0.14％,表明所提方法在风机叶片的覆冰故障检测中的有效性。研究结果可为风机叶片覆冰故障检测提供1种有效方法。     

江西省冬季大气典型污染过程的气象成因研究

选取2019年1月江西省两次大气污染过程为研究对象,利用常规气象观测资料、美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）再分析资料、全球资料同化系统（GDAS）气象数据和空气质量数据,分别从局地气象要素变化、地面天气形势、大气动力和热力条件及污染潜在源区等进行分析,对比两次污染过程形成机制.两次污染过程地面天气形势分别为冷锋前部型和低压倒槽型.冷锋前部型污染形成主要原因为冷空气南下在江西省减弱辐合导致上游细颗粒物输送并堆积,西北风增大细颗粒物浓度降低.低压倒槽型污染形成原因为较长时间处于高湿、小风或静风、逆温下的污染累积.对两次过程中污染较为严重的九江市进行分析,冷锋前部型九江市近地面主要受西风影响,低压倒槽型主要受东北风影响,低压倒槽型九江市风速多在2 m·s^-1以下.两次污染期间大于3 m·s^-1的风速有利于污染物清除.长时间高湿、小风（< 2 m·s^-1）及风场辐合,是低压倒槽型九江市重污染维持较长时间的重要原因.低压倒槽型大气垂直结构较冷锋前部型稳定.低压倒槽型垂直湍流弱、低层风速小于2 m·s^-1,且存在多层逆温和深厚的湿区,冷锋前部型存在明显下沉运动,逆温强度明显弱于低压倒槽.九江市PM_2.5污染潜在贡献源主要来自河南东部、山东西部和安徽西北部;低压倒槽型九江市潜在源区主要位于江西省内及与江西省接壤的湖北东南部、安徽西南部.     

Performance evaluation on the pollution control against wet weather overflow based on on-site coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage pipes

• A way for overflow control based on on-site coagulation/flocculation was proposed. • Coagulant and flocculant dose were optimized based on pollutant removal performance. • Settling time of 5 min is enough in a proper transmission distance. • Fast removal of particulate pollutants could be achieved under varied flow. The pollution caused by wet weather overflow in urban drainage systems is a main factor causing blackening an odorization of urban rivers. The conventional overflow treatment based on coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage systems requires relatively large space and long retention time demand that makes it not applicable in crowded urban drainage systems or under heavy rains. On-site coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage pipes was proposed in this study which was aimed to transfer the coagulation/flocculation process to the inside of pipes at the terminal drainage system to save space and reduce the retention time of the coagulation/flocculation process. The optimized dose of chemicals was studied first which was 80 mg/L of coagulant and 0.8 mg/L of flocculant. Settling for only 5 min can remove most of the pollutants at 406.5 m of transmission distance. In addition, the relation of wet weather overflow rate and concentration of pollution load on the on-site coagulation/flocculation process was investigated, which indicated that high removal of pollutant was gained at a large range of flow velocity and pollutant concentration. Finally, the study confirmed electric neutralization, bridging, and net capture as the major mechanisms in this process, and further optimization was proposed. The proposed process can reduce much turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total phosphorous, but hardly remove soluble ammonia and organics. This work provides scientific guidance to address wet weather overflow in terminal drainage pipes.     

2014~2016年成都地区空气污染气象要素分型研究

为研究成都地区发生不同程度空气污染时,地面气象要素的搭配类型特征,基于成都地区2014~2016年多个逐日气象要素值(气温、气压、湿度等)和逐日AQI资料,对2014~2016年成都地区空气质量状况进行特征分析,并且通过TSI天气分型方法,并结合同期逐日空气质量资料探讨了四季不同天气类型下空气质量特征,主要结果为:(1)2014~2016年成都市总体空气质量夏秋季空气质量最佳,春季次之,冬季最差。(2)不同天气类型空气质量状况差异较大。春季3型和4型容易发生轻度污染;夏季1型和4型容易发生轻度污染;秋季3型容易出现轻度污染;冬季4型和5型天气下容易发生轻度污染以上的空气污染状况。研究为成都地区空气污染气象研究提供参考依据,也为空气污染预报提供一些借鉴意义。