Theoretical analysis and experimental study on critical conditions of backdraft

Backdraft is one of the most special behaviors of enclosure fires which has strong characteristics of concealment and suddenness. Once backdraft occurs in an enclosure, the fire will quickly engulf the entire enclosure and create a huge extrusive fireball out of the openings. In such circumstance, it is very difficult for people inside to evacuate and firefighters to enter to perform rescue. That’s why backdraft usually leads to serious consequences in both industrial and civil building fires. Experimental investigations on backdraft in enclosure fires caused by solid fuels have been carried out in the study, and the backdraft phenomenon has been reproduced in the small-scale enclosure fire tests. Based on the theories of heat transfer and fire dynamics, the theoretical model of conditions that backdraft occurs in enclosure fires has been established and the critical condition expressions have been deduced. Combining the results of theoretical analyses with those of experimental studies, a new backdraft criterion expressed by β, which is the ration between the combustible gas volume fraction and the lower explosive limit of the mixture, has been put forward.     

固定化菌剂对污水和牛粪中雌二醇和己烯雌酚的去除作用

针对雌二醇(E2)和己烯雌酚(DES)易在污水和牛粪富集的问题,制备了具有去除E2和DES功能的固定化菌剂,并研究了其对污水和牛粪中E2与DES的去除作用.以E2降解菌Rhodococcus sp.JX-2与DES降解菌Serratia sp.S为供试菌,主要通过正交试验确定了固定化菌剂包埋方法,比较了固定化菌剂、游离态菌剂、空白小球对E2与DES的去除效能,并分析了菌剂用量、p H、含水量、翻堆时间对菌剂去除污水和牛粪中E2和DES的影响.结果表明,菌剂制备的最佳固定化条件为菌株JX-2与菌株S菌悬液体积比为1∶1,海藻酸钠质量分数5%,菌胶比为1∶2,Ca Cl2·2H2O质量分数4%.固定化菌剂对溶液中初始浓度为2 mg·L-1E2和DES的去除率分别达99.42%和84.59%.去除污水中E2和DES的最佳固定化菌剂用量为300g·L-1,p H值为5.0~6.0,能完全去除DES,E2去除率为95.85%;去除牛粪中E2和DES的最佳固定化菌剂用量为600g·kg-1,牛粪含水量为70%,翻堆时间间隔为12 h,能完全去除E2,DES去除率为97.41%.     

Social capital and food security in post-conflict rural Lira District,northern Uganda

While a strong relationship has been established between social capital and food security in the research literature, it is uncertain whether this holds in post-conflict situations. This study examines associations between social capital and food security in post-conflict Lira District, northern Uganda. Since factors affecting food security are complex, we explored the roles of households' characteristics in food security outcomes. Data were collected from March to July 2011 through face-to-face interviews with 221 heads of household in rural Lira. Using multinomial logistic regression, a strong positive association was identified between social capital and household food security. The study also found significant associations of food security with sex, education of household head, amount of cultivated land, and farm and home possessions. The results of this analysis can aid the design of food security programmes that empower poor people while targeting the most vulnerable groups, thereby promoting sustainable development in post-conflict communities.     

钛基β-PbO2阳极催化性能及氧化机理研究

采用提拉法和电沉积法制作Ti／SnO2＋Sb2O3／β-PbO2阳极,通过SEM扫描、XRD分析和极化曲线测定表征具有良好结构和催化性能。利用该电极氧化靛红水溶液,表征Ti／SnO2＋Sb2O3／β-PbO2电极氧化机理,阳极氧化以[·OH]氧化有机物,次级氧化以阳极生成的活性相对差、寿命较长的H2O2,O3氧化有机物。Ti／SnO2＋Sb2O3／β-PbO2阳极氧化有机物是湿式氧化费用的30％～50％,具有广泛应用前景。     

氯消毒对产ESBLs菌β-内酰胺酶类抗性基因接合转移的抑制作用

以产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的大肠杆菌T413和NK5449分别作为供体菌和受体菌进行接合试验,研究氯消毒处理供体菌对β-内酰胺酶类抗性基因接合转移的抑制作用.结果表明,供体菌质粒上的bla_CTX-M和bla_TEM基因可接合转移至受体菌,接合转移频率为6.57×10^-2.当氯消毒接触时间为30min,有效氯浓度在0.25~1.5mg/L时,接合转移频率未出现数量级的降低,而有效氯浓度为2mg/L时,接合转移频率则骤降至2.02×10^-5.在CT值为60（mg·min）/L的各种组合中,4mg/L×15min对接合转移的抑制效果最佳.氯消毒后的供体菌数量与接合转移频率呈正相关.经高剂量氯消毒后的供体菌具有较高的再生长率,但接合转移频率却很低.高剂量氯消毒会损伤供体菌菌体结构和功能,使胞外分泌物减少,阻碍质粒传递.     

催化动力学光度法测定工业废水中的Cr（Ⅵ）

采用β-环糊精作为H₂O₂氧化茜素红褪色反应的增敏剂,建立了催化动力学光度法测定工业废水中Cr（Ⅵ）的新方法。该方法最佳反应条件为：反应体系总体积25 mL,0.1 mol/L的H₂SO₄溶液加入量2.0 mL,1.0×10^-3 mol/L茜素红溶液加入量1.5 mL,30%的H₂O₂溶液加入量4.0 mL,100 g/L的β-环糊精溶液加入量3.0 mL。在最大吸收波长554 nm处测定反应前后溶液的吸光度,Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度与吸光度差值（ΔA）在4.0×10^-4~5.4×10^-2 mg/L范围内符合比尔定律,线性回归方程为：ΔA=18.52ρ+ 0.018,相关系数为0.996 6,检出限为3.5×10^-4 mg/L,加标回收率为99.46%~101.3%,6次测定的相对标准偏差小于等于2.4%。该法的测定结果与GB/T 7467-1987中的二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法相近。     

聚磷菌胞内多聚物的分析检测方法

PHA、糖原和多聚偏磷酸盐这三种多聚物在聚磷茵（PAOs）体内的代谢和生长有着很重要的作用,它们同时也影响污水处理强化生物除磷系统的处理效果,因此需要对胞内聚合物进行分析测定。本文介绍了监测PHA、糖原和多聚偏磷酸盐的常用定量和定性方法,以及部分方法的提取手段、预处理过程、测定原理以及注意事项。     

DOM结构特征及其对17β-雌二醇光降解的影响

参照国际腐殖酸协会(IHSS)推荐的方法从滇池底泥提取出胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA),以Sigma Aldrich胡敏酸(SAHA)为参照,利用元素分析、13C核磁共振和紫外-可见光谱对HA和FA的来源和结构进行了表征,并探讨了3种溶解性有机质(DOM)对17β-雌二醇(E2)光降解的影响.结果表明:HA、FA和SAHA具有相似的元素组成,3种腐殖酸的(N+O)/C值分别为0.50、0.82和0.55,与核磁共振13C谱分析的极性指数(0.32、0.42和0.33)一致.HA和FA来自于内源,具有较高的N含量和较多的缔合芳香结构,而SAHA是外源性有机质,具有更高的芳香度.低浓度的3种腐殖酸均能促进E2发生服从准一级动力学规律的光化学降解过程.E2在纯水中光降解速率为0.0071h-1,而在5mgC/L的HA、FA和SAHA作用下,E2光降解速率分别为0.0597、0.1178和0.2048h-1.3种腐殖酸促进E2光降解能力的差异主要是由含氧能团和芳香结构含量差异所致.活性氧分子探针鉴定显示HO?是腐殖酸体系受光照后产生的一种重要活性氧,其氧化降解E2的量占到了E2降解总量的70%左右.与低浓度腐殖酸相比,高浓度的3种腐殖酸均会对E2光降解产生抑制作用.     

Electrokinetic movement of multiple chlorobenzenes in contaminated soils in the presence of β-cyclodextrin

This study investigated the electrokinetic (EK) behavior of multiple chlorobenzenes, including 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB), 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (i-TeCB), and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (TCB) in contaminated clayed soils. The effect of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the EK removal of the chlorobenzenes was studied. The largest removal was obtained when Na2CO3/NaHCO3 buffer was used as anodic purging solution without β-CD. The removal efficiencies were related to the aqueous solubilities of chlorobenzenes. With the same cumulative electroosmotic flow, greater solubility led to higher removal efficiency. The addition of β-CD inhibited the EK removal efficiency of all chlorobenzenes. The inhibition increased with the increase of β-CD concentration. With the same β-CD concentration, the inhibition increased with the rise of electric potential. It was found that the inclusion compounds between β-CD and chlorobenzenzes were less soluble than chlorobenzenes. The formation of the less soluble inclusion compounds reduced the aqueous solubility of chlorobenzenes and led to the partial immobilization of the chlorobenzenes that desorbed from soil. It was feasible to use the EK technology to remove chlorobenzenes in contaminated soils using water as the anodic flushing solution. The addition of β-CD was not recommended for the EK removal of chlorobenzenes.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌和氧化硫硫杆菌对硫代硫酸钠的代谢机理研究

首先利用含硫的温泉水,经一系列培养、分离和纯化得到了氧化亚铁硫杆菌(T.f)和氧化硫硫杆菌(T.t).然后,将2种菌投加至一定浓度的硫代硫酸钠,观察2种菌在不同溶解氧浓度下的生长情况和溶液中各种硫化合物的浓度变化.结果表明,T.f利用硫代硫酸钠的速度比T.t快,生长周期也比T.t长,但单个T.f细胞的代谢能力较T.t差;T.f和T.t利用硫代硫酸钠的代谢产物主要为硫酸根离子、连四硫酸根离子、二氧化硫和单质硫.2种菌对硫代硫酸根离子的代谢主要通过4条途径进行.提高溶解氧浓度能显著加快2种菌对硫代硫酸钠的利用速度.