北方农牧交错带降水极值变化空间特征

农牧交错带是我国生态环境脆弱带,以109个气象站1971～1998年间的逐日降水资料,分析了农牧交错带年降水量、侵蚀性降水及暴雨等方面降水极值的时间变化及空间分布。结果显示农牧交错带平均每年发生侵蚀性降水的日数在3.5～17.6d之间,暴雨日数在0～2.6d之间;大部分地区的年降水量、侵蚀性降水量及暴雨量等都呈现不同程度的增加趋势,但暴雨量以及侵蚀性降水量等降水极值指标增加趋势更明显,反映出多数地区降水强度增加、降水侵蚀的潜在能力增强的特征;局部地区的降水极值呈减少趋势。     

农业废物反硝化固体碳源的优选

以甘蔗渣、玉米芯、稻草、稻壳、花生壳、木屑6种农业废物作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的备选材料,通过各物质浸出物质元素分析、含碳量以及脱氮效果、生物附着性能等方面的比较,意在优选出适于推广的反硝化固体碳源.结果表明,6种农业废物的浸出液中均未检测出铜、铅、铬及镉,安全性较好.甘蔗渣浸出液的有机碳含量和释放速率明显高于其他材料,木屑浸出液的有机碳含量则相对最低.其中,玉米芯、稻草及稻壳表现出较强的持续供碳能力.以稻草、稻壳和玉米芯为碳源和载体的实验组硝酸盐去除率均达80%以上,而木屑实验组由于碳释放量不足、生物附着性能较差等原因导致脱氮性能较差.试验初步优选出了玉米芯、稻草、稻壳可用做替代传统液体碳源的固体碳源.     

STREAM QUALITY IMPACTS OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN A NORTHWESTERN ARKANSAS BASIN1

ABSTRACT: A variety of management options are used to minimize losses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and other potential pollutants from agricultural source areas. There is little information available, however, to indicate the effectiveness of these options (sometimes referred to as Best Management Practices, or BMPs) on basin scales. The objective of this study was to assess the water quality effectiveness of BMPs implemented in the 3240 ha Lincoln Lake basin in Northwest Arkansas. Land use in the basin was primarily forest (34 percent) and pasture (56 percent), with much of the pasture being regularly treated with animal manures. The BMPs were oriented toward minimizing the impact of confined animal operations in the basin and included nutrient management, dead bird composter construction, and other practices. Stream flow samples (representing primarily base flow conditions) were collected bi-weekly from five sites within the basin from September 1991 through April 1994 and analyzed for nitrate N (NO₃-N), ammonia N (NH₃-N), total Kjeldahl N (TKN), ortho-P (PO₄-P), total P (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS). Mean concentrations of PO₄-P, TP, and TSS were highest for subbasins with the highest proportions of pasture land use. Concentrations of NH₃-N, TKN, and COD decreased significantly with time (35–75 percent/year) for all sub-basins, while concentrations of other parameters were generally stable. The declines in analysis parameter concentrations are attributed to the implementation of BMPs in the basin since (a) the results are consistent with what would be expected for the particular BMPs implemented and (b) no other known activities in the basin would have caused the declines in analysis parameter concentrations.     

多层次模糊综合评判法在生态农业评价中的应用

本文运用多层次模糊综合评判法对山东省五莲县芙蓉庄村生态农业试点进行评价。结果表明,该方法具有简便易行、精确度高的特点,它把不同性质的因素(指标)有机地结合起来,为解决多因素综合评判权重与分配找到了一个有效途径。     

西藏农业可持续发展途径探讨

西藏是世界上一个十分独特的区域；西藏高原农业可持续发展在世界农业可持续发展中具有重要科学意义。为此，本文分析了西藏农业生产条件和历史现状，对不同农业生产类型进行了概括和总结。     

种养结合是生态农业的一种好模式

以养牛场粪便处理为例，分析其原理，介绍了生态农业的一种模式。     

有机农业生产中杂草综合防治方法探讨

分析杂草的特征，阐述有机农业对待杂草的观念，并提出有机生产中杂草综合防治的方法。     

天津市农田土壤污染现状与防治对策

分析了天津市农田重金属污染和农药残留污染状况 ,提出了防治重金属污染的物理、生物、农艺防治措施 ,以及防治农药污染的微生物措施等。     

论土壤污染与有机农业土壤保护的生态学原理

综述了现代常规农业对土壤的污染、有机农业的特点及有机农业土壤保护措施的生态学原理。     

The potential of remote sensing data for decision makers at the state, local and tribal level: experiences from NASA’s Synergy program

NASA’s Earth Observation System (EOS) satellite data are contributing to the development of policy relevant, remote sensing applications. To promote the use of EOS data for application development, NASA funded the Synergy program in 2000 in partnership with academia, end users, and industry. Three examples of remote sensing applications from the Synergy program are presented here and include agriculture, range management, and water resource management. These examples show that remote sensing products have the potential to be useful to a variety of decision makers and policy makers because of the opportunity to reduce chemicals in the environment, improve crop yields and better manage range lands and water resources. Transitioning from research and development to successful applications must overcome challenges such as the lack of awareness by end users of these technologies, inadequate feedback mechanism between application developers and end users, and unproven cost benefits of remote sensing data. Experience from the Synergy program indicates that these issues could be mitigated by educating and training end users, demonstrating the utility of remote sensing data in improving decision making, and establishing and maintaining a continuous dialogue between developers and end users. Sustainability of remote sensing applications ultimately depends on users continuing reliance on products and benefits from remote sensing data. The Synergy program also demonstrates that remote sensing data sets that are collected primarily for global change research contribute to the development of applications in a variety of disciplines at the regional and local level.