中国石化"危险及可操作性分析"应用现状及建议

通过对中国石化新建项目和在役生产装置危险及可操作性分析（HAZOP）应用现况进行分析,阐明该方法的优点及目前中国石化在应用过程中存在的问题,并提出推广建议。     

农业环境污染认知情况及其影响因素的实证分析研究

现代石油农业在取得巨大经济社会效益的同时,生产中化肥、农药的过度使用也引发了严重的环境问题.以中国综合社会调查(CGSS2010)的数据为基础,运用多元线性回归模型分析环境污染认识情况及其影响因素.结果表明,居民对农业环境污染认知处于高认可水平;个体的户口、年龄,社会经济地位的个人年收入和受教育年限,环境感知的环境问题严重程度、环境问题关注程度显著影响居民农业环境污染认知.提出通过引导居民形成高度的环境保护意识来改善农业生产环境,确保食品安全.     

Agricultural BMP Effectiveness and Dominant Hydrological Flow Paths: Concepts and a Review

We present a conceptual framework that relates agricultural best management practice (BMP) effectiveness with dominant hydrological flow paths to improve nonpoint source (NPS) pollution management. We use the framework to analyze plot, field and watershed scale published studies on BMP effectiveness to develop transferable recommendations for BMP selection and placement at the watershed scale. The framework is based on the location of the restrictive layer in the soil profile and distinguishes three hydrologic land types. Hydrologic land type A has the restrictive layer at the surface and BMPs that increase infiltration are effective. In land type B1, the surface soil has an infiltration rate greater than the prevailing precipitation intensity, but there is a shallow restrictive layer causing lateral flow and saturation excess overland flow. Few structural practices are effective for these land types, but pollutant source management plans can significantly reduce pollutant loading. Hydrologic land type B2 has deep, well‐draining soils without restrictive layers that transport pollutants to groundwater via percolation. Practices that increased pollutant residence time in the mixing layer or increased plant water uptake were found as the most effective BMPs in B2 land types. Matching BMPs to the appropriate land type allows for better targeting of hydrologically sensitive areas within a watershed, and potentially more significant reductions of NPS pollutant loading.     

新型反硝化固体碳源释碳性能研究

碳源在生物硝酸盐去除过程中起着重要的提供电子供体的作用,因此是生物反硝化的核心物质之一.选出玉米芯、稻壳、稻草、木屑4种农业废弃物做为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体,研究了4种碳源物质的释碳规律及外界因子对其释碳能力的影响.结果表明,4种碳源材料的释碳过程均满足二级动力学方程;比较而言,稻草的有机物释放量最大,释放速率也最快,...     

Alternative cropping systems for sustainable water and nitrogen use in the North China Plain

Serious water deficits and excessive nitrogen (N) applications are threatening the sustainability of intensive agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP). This study examined the possibility of replacing the conventional system (Con.W/M) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.), with an optimized double cropping system (Opt.W/M), a 2-year system (winter wheat/summer maize-spring maize, W/M-M), and a monoculture system (spring maize, M) based on optimal water and N management strategies. From 2004 to 2010, a long-term field experiment conducted in the NCP showed that although >70 mm of irrigation water can be saved with Opt.W/M compared with Con.W/M, annual net groundwater use under Opt.W/M was still 250 mm, 65-90% of which was consumed during the winter wheat season. When wheat production was decreased, 35% and 61% of irrigation water could be reduced in W/M-M and M compared to Con.W/M, respectively. As a result, annual groundwater use was decreased to 190 mm in W/M-M and 94 mm in M. Meanwhile, the N fertilizer rate was reduced 59% and 72% in W/M-M and M compared to Con.W/M, respectively. There were no significant differences in net economic returns between Con.W/M and W/M-M across the 6-year period. In the 6 years, no significant economic loss was observed between Con.W/M and M except in the 2008-2010 rotation. The W/M-M and M systems showed great potential to reduce water and N application and achieve groundwater use balance, and thus should be considered for economic and sustainable agricultural development in the NCP.     

基于MODIS的湖南省农业干旱监测模型

诸多遥感干旱监测指数已被成功应用于中国北方地区,但在南方湿润地区的应用则相对较少。以湖南省为研究区,结合遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)技术,利用MODIS增强植被状态指数(EVCI)和温度状态指数(TCI)的复合信息,并根据EVCI和TCI对干旱信息的敏感程度不同,赋予不同的权重值,建立干旱状态指数(DCI)遥感监测模型,并将该模型应用于湖南省农作物的旱情监测,得到了湖南省耕地旱情等级的空间分布图。通过与该省97个气象台站同期获取的综合气象干旱指数(CI)的相关分析与验证,表明DCI与CI指数的线性相关显著,EVCI和TCI的权重分别取值0.4和0.6时为最佳组合,并论证了该模型适宜南方地区的干旱监测。     

论生态农业试点县建设中的若干关系

经过二年多的努力，全国生态农业试点县建设已取得了巨大成绩，但在发展过程中尚有一些问题需妥善解决，一些关系需要正确处理。本文结合中南片生态农业试点县建设的实际，对建设过程中应注意的几个关系和问题进行了论述     

Environmental Risks of Pesticides Versus Genetic Engineering for Agricultural Pest Control

Despite the application of 2.5 million tons ofpesticides worldwide, more than 40% of all potentialfood production is lost to insect, weed, and plantpathogen pests prior to harvest. After harvest, anadditional 20% of food is lost to another group ofpests. The use of pesticides for pest control resultsin an estimated 26 million human poisonings, with220,000 fatalities, annually worldwide. In the UnitedStates, the environmental and public health costs forthe recommended use of pesticides total approximately$9 billion/yr. Thus, there is a need for alternativenon-chemical pest controls, and genetic engineering(biotechnology) might help with this need. Diseaseand insect pest resistance to various pests has beenslowly bred into crops for the past 12,000 years;current techniques in biotechnology now offeropportunities to further and more rapidly improve thenon-chemical control of disease and insect pests ofcrops. However, relying on a single factor, like theBacillus thuringiensis toxin that has beeninserted into corn and a few other crops for insectcontrol, leads to various environmental problems,including insect resistance and, in some cases, athreat to beneficial biological control insects andendangered insect species. A major environmental andeconomic cost associated with genetic engineeringapplications in agriculture relates to the use ofherbicide resistant crops (HRC). In general, HRCtechnology results in increased herbicide use but noincrease in crop yields. The heavy use of herbicidesin HRC technology pollutes the environment and canlead to weed control costs for farmers that may be2-fold greater than standard weed control costs. Therefore, pest control with both pesticides andbiotechnology can be improved for effective, safe,economical pest control.     

油田生产设施环境安全距离理论与估算--以胜利油田东辛采油厂为例

油田生产设施环境安全距离为减轻或避免生产设施的潜在环境危害．解决城市发展和油田企业之间的利益冲突,以及事故后的人群紧急疏散提供了科学的决策依据。以胜利油田东辛采油厂为例．对井场类、站库类和管线类三类主要油气生产设施的环境安全距离进行了研究和估算。对于井场类设施．主要研究估算了井喷H2S泄漏的环境风险安全距离;对于站库类设施,主要研究估算了噪声环境影响安全距离;对于管线类设施,主要研究估算了泄漏事故环境风险安全距离。通过现场测量和模拟实验证明．估算结果比较可靠。     

Impacts of a nutrient trading plan on stream water quality in Sugar Creek,Ohio

In the early 2000s, a phosphorus nutrient trading plan (NTP) requiring best management practices (BMPs) to be installed as pollution abatement strategies to offset phosphorus waste from the Alpine Cheese Company was implemented in four subwatersheds of Sugar Creek in northeast Ohio. To assess the impacts of the Alpine NTP, 49 sites were sampled approximately biweekly from 2010 to 2018 for phosphate, total phosphorus, nitrate, ammonia, and total nitrogen. In addition, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency conducted stream health surveys at 21 sites before and after the BMPs were implemented. This study evaluated the potential impact of 68 BMPs implemented under the NTP on the observed changes in nutrient concentrations and stream health indicators. Most nutrient concentrations observed during high discharge conditions showed significant declines from 2010 to 2018 for all subwatersheds, which was most likely due to BMPs that reduced erosion and surface runoff. However, there were fewer significant declines and some significant increases in nutrient levels during low discharge conditions, suggesting a possible contribution from legacy nutrient sources. Most sites reported increases in stream health indicators, but many streams are still below recommended levels. Collectively, the installation of BMPs and decreases in nutrient concentrations observed during high discharge conditions can be attributed to the NTP and likely contributed to improved stream health.