大连市金州区外向型农业的空间发展战略

本文在深入分析大连市金州区发展外向型农业优势的基础上,探讨了该区外向型农业空间发展的原则和指导思想,初步界定了基地空间范围及未来的发展布局,为金州区外向型农业空间发展战略提供了理论依据。     

论合理施肥与土壤环境的可持续性发展

文中论述了合理施肥对提高作物产量、改善品质以及净化与保护生态环境、实现农业可持续性发展的重要性与不可替代性,而施肥不当或滥用肥料不仅对土壤、植物养分平衡失调,作物产量与品质构成威胁,而且更重要的是作物吸收后所残留的肥料随着灌水或降水而产生径流、淋溶或侧渗,其累积效应对土壤和地表水、地下水易于造成污染,从而影响土壤环境与农业生态系统的稳定性、可持续性发展。为此,本文在肯定施肥对农业生产重要作用的基础上,重点探讨了施肥不当或滥用化肥,以城市生活垃圾、污水等为肥源所可能导致的土壤环境污染、对生态系统的危害性及其有效防治措施。     

大西南通道农业气候资源及开发利用途径

作者在分析大西南沿线农业气候资源特点的基础上,从不同侧面和不同层次对大西南沿线农业开发的共性问题进行了较全面的分析和探讨,并提出了开发的途径和思路。     

有机固体废弃物在持续农业中的资源化利用

有机固体废弃物产生量巨大且成分复杂,其对环境的污染已越来越多地引起人们的关注.它含有大量营养成分和有机质,在农业生产上除可以满足作物生长对养分的需要外,其丰富的有机质含量还可以改善土壤的物理化学性状,培肥土壤,有利于农业的可持续发展.有机固体废弃物的农业资源化处理利用是最积极有效的措施之一.     

广东省节水与旱作农业基本情况调查报告

全省节水与旱作农业基本情况调查结果表明：干旱缺水是影响旱坡地作物产量提高的主要因子.近年来.我省采用节水灌溉技术、节水耕作技术、优化种植结构等措施,提高了水资源的利用率.今后,在旱坡地上开发节水高效农业大有潜力.     

Fish consumption reduces transfer of BDE47 from dam to murine offspring

Fish and seafood are important contributions to a healthy diet, but also contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Discrepancies have been found between intake and accumulated levels of POPs, where fish consumers have had similar levels of POPs to the general population. Similarly fish oil consumption has been found to reduce accumulation of POPs. This study examined the accumulation of BDE47 or PCB153 in mice fed diets with different nutritional composition, using female mice with pre-weanling pups exposed through gestation and lactation. A fish-based diet was compared to a standard casein-based rodent diet. All diets had low background levels of environmental contaminants and were spiked with BDE47 or PCB153 to levels representing a realistic (∼0.004 μmol kgbw⁻¹ d) or a high dietary exposure (∼1.3 μmol kgbw⁻¹ d). Accumulation of BDE47 or PCB153 in offspring tissues after 18 d lactation reflected the maternal exposure levels. However, the pups of dams fed a fish-based diet had consistently lower BDE47 accumulation in liver, fat and stomach than pups from casein-fed dams. Similarly the pups of dams fed a high dose of PCB153 in a fish diet also accumulated less PCB153 than pups of the dams fed a casein diet, although not significant. In conclusion, the fish based diets seemed to reduce transfer of BDE47 and PCB153 from dams to pups. The study highlights that in-depth knowledge about nutritional impact on toxicokinetics is of great interest to vulnerable consumers.     

中国农业温室气体排放:现状及挑战

该文从农业生产过程和化肥、能源等投入方面计算了中国农业温室气体排放.2009年,中国农业总计排放温室气体158 557.3万t CO2当量,比1980年增长52.03％,年均增长1.46％.其中,CH4占总排放的25％,N2O占总排放的52％,CO2占总排放的23％.按来源分析,在2009年排放的温室气体中,水稻种植排放14 264.45万t,占9％;畜牧生产排放42 709.94万t,占26.94％;土壤排放47 457.81万t,占29.93％;化肥、能源、农药、农膜等投入引起的排放54 125.11万t,占34.14％.2009年农业GDP排放的温室气体为2.98 kg/元,粮食排放的温室气体为1.5 kg/kg.在2008年,牛肉排放的温室气体为28.54 kg/kg,羊肉为15.5 kg/kg,猪肉为1.49kg/kg,禽肉为0.54 kg/kg,牛奶为1.04 kg/kg,禽蛋为0.83 kg/kg.由于技术进步和生产效率提高,单位粮食、肉类和牛奶排放的温室气体都有较大幅度降低.对于种植单季粮食的土地,CO2交易价格为80元/t将使23.27％的耕地退出粮食生产;当CO2交易价格为100元/t时,这一比例高达63.31％.对于种植双季粮食的土地,CO2交易价格为130- 140元/t时,将有50％的耕地退出粮食生产.由于中国粮食生产利润率过低,CO2较低的价格使严重影响粮食生产面积和产量.     

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式碳足迹研究

农业碳足迹理论可以系统评价农业生产过程中人为因素引起的碳排放,是构建低碳农业的理论基础,对实现低碳农业其有重要的指导意义.为探明农业生产中的碳足迹,本文基于河北吴桥县农户生产调查数据,利用农业碳足迹理论及研究方法,评价了华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米两熟种植模式的碳足迹.结果表明:冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式碳足迹的大小为1 737.37±337.02 kgCe/hm2·a,生产1 kg粮食的碳成本是0.12±0.03 kgCe,其中冬小麦的碳足迹是1 101.31±251.91 kgCe/hm2·a,小麦的碳成本是0.16±0.04kgCe/kg,夏玉米的碳足迹是636.06±163.90 kgCe/hm2·a,玉米的碳成本是0.08±0.02 kgCe/kg.冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式碳足迹的组成中,化肥占总量的61.76％,电能占25.03％,柴油占7.44％,种子占4.75％,农药占1.02％.同时,发现N肥的施用量和电能消耗量均与碳足迹有正相关性,种植规模与碳成本有负相关性.因此,构建节肥、节水及规模化的低碳种植模式是实现华北平原农业节能减排的重要途径.     

日本应对面源污染的法律措施

自1992年农林水产省首次提出“环境保全型农业”的概念以来,日本政府逐渐重视以农业污染为主的面源污染。此后,政府根据面源污染在各个时期的变化情况,把农业生产污染、禽畜养殖业污染、固体废物污染、高速公路和城市生活污染等方面的各种政策、目标和经济措施予以法制化,陆续出台了一系列有利于防治面源污染的法律、法规。这些法规虽然不是防治面源污染的单行性法规,但其内容具有配套性、系统性、可操作性的特点,惩戒措施也具有针对性和层次性的特点,而且经济措施与法律责任并举,客观上对防治面源污染起到了重要作用。借鉴日本的立法经验,我国防治面源污染立法应该进一步完善法律法规,明确管理部门的职责,强化法律责任,通过多种手段引导公民自觉防治面源污染.     

Efficiency and Economy of a New Agricultural Rainwater Harvesting System

Shortage of water is the key limiting factor for agricul-tural development of Beijing. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) could provide an alternative water source for greenhouse agriculture, but local natural and socioeconomic conditions challenge the applica-tion of the technology. This article analyses the advantages and disadvantages of different types of greenhouse RWH in Beijing,and describes a new greenhouse RWH system demonstrated in 2008 in Huairou, a suburb district of Beijing. It analyses the ef-ficiency, cost-benefit ratios and limiting factors of the new system.The results show that with the new system, RWH efficiency can be as high as 66% (of total rainfall) and the rainwater usage rate can reach 69% of total water usage. The ratio of benefit to cost of government investment can be 1.84, and the ratio of benefit to cost of a farmer's investment could be 1.68 provided the project is designed to save water and also increase income. However, the price of groundwater for agriculture directly influences the potential for applying and scaling up the project. If the RWH system does not increase the farmers' incomes at the current water price, they will not use it until the water price rises to a critical point, which is de-termined by external factors. This article also suggests a number of measures to increase the efficiency of the system in order to apply it on a large scale.