巢湖水质与流域农业投入的关联性研究

为探讨巢湖富营养化与流域农业生产投入资源的关联性,选择了化肥剩余、节水灌溉面积、农膜、水土流失治理等可能影响水体富营养化的因子;研究中采用相关分析与逐步回归的方法,同时,提出了一种结合Technique for Order Preferenceby Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)法计算化肥剩余量的方法.结果表明,巢湖流域农业生产投入的各种资源中,对巢湖水体富营养化影响较大的是化肥剩余、节水灌溉面积和农膜,并且化肥剩余的影响还存在1 a的滞后期.因此,有必要从提高化肥利用效率、改进灌排水方式并减少农业用水入手,以求节约资源,同时降低农业生产对巢湖水质的影响.     

有机无机肥料对农业环境影响述评

论述了有机肥在中国的使用情况和对农业生产的作用、化肥对农产品质量的影响、化肥对土壤肥力的贡献、有机肥和化肥对大气环境和水体的影响。目前人们在对化肥使用的认识上普遍存在误区,认为施用化肥一定会对环境产生污染,只有使用有机肥才能解决问题。中国是一个人口大国,今后在一个相当长的时间内,农业产品的生产在养分的投入上仍然需要以化肥为主,充分、合理、平衡的化肥投入不仅能满足人们对农产品数量上的需要,而且一定能满足人们对农产品品质的要求。化肥的合理施用可以改善和提高农产品品质,提高土壤有机质含量,改善土壤理化性质,减少温室气体的排放和水体污染。化肥本身是无害的,有害的是对化肥的不合理施用。在肥料问题上,今后需要关注 的应该是生产和使用更优质、更高效的化肥,推广科学合理的施肥技术,提高化肥的利用效率。     

陕西省关中地区农业水价调整研究

本文通过分析关中地区农业水价现状和问题，认为农业水价低于供水生产成本，从需求价格弹性分析表明，价格对农业用水调节作用大，以此提出了价格杠杆调节关中农业用水的措施。     

Public policy, private landholders: perspectives on policy mechanisms for sustainable land management

A variety of tools can be employed in support of environmental policy objectives, but achieving preferred outcomes also requires the cooperation of private landholders and others with vested interests in the land. The Land Stewardship project in the state of Victoria, Australia, is an initiative devoted to exploring the ways in which private landholders could be encouraged towards more sustainable land management. Following the view that the success of policy initiatives is contingent on effective stakeholder engagement, a component of the Land Stewardship project involved a dialogue with landholders about policy tools (e.g., regulation, economic instruments) that might be deployed to encourage improved land management practices. This paper provides an account of the views and attitudes of landholders, as revealed in a series of three workshops, which consisted of discussions about the factors influencing agriculture, participants' interpretations of sustainability, and policy methods. The focus of the paper is on what landholders believe to be the strengths and limitations of standard policy tools, and the essential requirements for these tools to deliver the best land management outcomes. One of the main findings of the project was a 'preference hierarchy' in respect of policy methods, according to which the strongest support was expressed for voluntary and education-based tools, followed by market-based instruments, with command-and-control regulation identified as a measure of 'last resort'. In the paper we reflect also on how the views and outlook of landholders should be positioned relative to other inputs in the design of policy interventions.     

The Role of the Concept of the Natural (Naturalness) in Organic Farming

Producers, traders, and consumers oforganic food regularly use the concept of thenatural (naturalness) to characterize organicagriculture and or organic food, in contrast tothe unnaturalness of conventional agriculture.Critics sometimes argue that such use lacks anyrational (scientific) basis and only refers tosentiment. In our project, we made an attemptto clarify the content and the use of theconcepts of nature and naturalness in organicagriculture, to relate this conception todiscussions within bioethical literature, andto draw the implications for agriculturalpractice and policy.Qualitative interviews were executed with arange of people in the field of organicagriculture and with consumers of organicproducts, on the basis of a list of statementsabout the meaning of the concept of naturalnessformulated by the authors. Based on the resultsof the interviews, we distinguished 3 aspectsof the concept of naturalness: natural as theorganic (life processes), natural as theecological, and natural as referring to thecharacteristic nature of an entity. We relatedthese conceptual aspects to three mainapproaches within the field of organicagriculture: the no chemicals approach, theagro-ecological approach, and the integrityapproach. It became clear that these approachescan also be recognized in the change ofattitude of farmers as they convert fromconventional to organic agriculture, and in theattitudes of consumers of organic foodproducts.We conclude that the idea of ``naturalness' canbe used to characterize organic agriculture andto distinguish it from conventionalagriculture, but only if naturalness not onlyrefers to not using chemicals but also toecological principles and respect for theintegrity of life. Thus perceived, theprinciple of naturalness can also serve as aguide to future developments in the field oforganic agriculture. As part of the holocentricethics of organic farming the value ofnaturalness has three dimensions: a cognitiveone, an emotive one, and a normative one.     

转基因农业与可持续发展

本文在分析了转基因农业的优点后 ,指出其发展的广阔前景。并集中论述了目前高速发展的转基因农业所存在的问题 ,指出如果对转基因技术不采取谨慎的政策来加以发展 ,将会给世界带来灭顶之灾。为了避免这种悲剧 ,作者提出了转基因农业要可持续发展的观点。     

MEASURING THE CONTRIBUTION OF LAND AND WATER TO AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT Irrigated land outproduces dryland agriculture, especially in the western United States. Many valuable crops could not be grown without irrigation. A paucity of yield data does not allow direct measurement of the contribution from irrigated crop agriculture, nor does it allow evaluation of the contributions from livestock which are dependent upon irrigated feed. Regression results indicate that 80 percent of Idaho farm income is associated with irrigation, and that 75 percent of the farm income in the 17 western states is associated with irrigation. For the United States as a whole, results indicate that 13.7 percent of the total cropland (irrigated land) produced 41.3 percent of all cash receipts from farming in 1978. If 14 percent of the land can produce 40 percent of the value of production, can 35 percent of our land produce all our food and fiber needs? Such an allegation has several implications in terms of the adequacy of our land and water resources. It also emphasizes the role of technology in future resource use and production.     

农业资源与环境系统优化模式研究——以汉江上游安康地区为例

农业资源与环境是一个相互作用、相互影响的有机系统，安康地区生成农业资源环境的主要特点是：地貌类型多样，以山地为主，山高坡陡，气候条件优越，运用定性与定量相结合的方法，将本区农业资源划分为五大结构类型，据此并遵循功能效益原则，设计出农业资源与环境系统优化的三种模式。     

福建农业发展时段的可持续性分析及其启示

本文引入“狭义”可持续发展的概念,对福建近50年（1952－1998年）人口与粮食的动态变化一时序分析,探讨了福建农业发展的可持续性,最后提出几点建议,以期对福建农业发展有所裨益。