近郊生态农业与西部生态城市建设协同发展研究

生态城市是结合了社会、经济和自然的区域综合.生态城市因其追求人与人、人与环境的高度和谐,成为21世纪城市发展的新模式.西部生态环境脆弱,环境污染严重,建设生态城市存在着种种困难.近郊生态农业具有促进生态平衡,改善生态环境;促进近郊经济发展,提高农民收入;提升城乡居民的生态文明意识的作用,城市生态建设与近郊生态农业发展都以取得生态效益、经济效益和社会效益三者相统一为目标.在近郊大力发展生态农业,能够促进生态城市建设进程.建设生态城市,也能够为生态农业发展奠定良好的基础.因此,倡导生态农业和生态城市共同建设,二者相互影响,从而实现协同发展.     

“双碳”背景下北京市农业温室气体排放评估及“十四五”时期减排潜力预测

为实现"双碳"目标,北京市相关规划对"十四五"时期农业领域温室气体排放控制提出严格要求.通过收集北京市农业活动水平数据,计算和筛选排放因子,评估北京市2020年农业温室气体排放量,分析排放特征;结合北京市自然条件和种养模式,筛选适宜的减排措施,预测"十四五"时期温室气体减排潜力及分布,分析优化措施减排效果,并提出相关政策建议.结果表明,北京市2020年农业温室气体排放总量（以CO₂-eq计,下同）为45.6万t,以动物肠道发酵和动物粪便管理排放为主,贡献率分别为50.7%和26.7%,主要集中在顺义区、密云区、延庆区等畜禽养殖规模较大的郊区;预测"十四五"期间,北京市农业温室气体减排潜力为10.7万t.动物肠道发酵为减排潜力最大的排放源（6.0万t）,其次为动物粪便管理（3.7万t）;CH₄的减排潜力大于N₂ O;减排潜力主要分布在密云区、顺义区、延庆区、房山区和通州区等畜禽养殖规模较大的郊区;调整饲料结构和优化粪便管理方式为效果最明显的减排措施.     

Influence of Environmental Factors on Biotic Responses to Nutrient Enrichment in Agricultural Streams1

Maret, Terry R., Christopher P. Konrad, and Andrew W. Tranmer, 2010. Influence of Environmental Factors on Biotic Responses to Nutrient Enrichment in Agricultural Streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):498-513. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00430.x Abstract: The influence of environmental factors on biotic responses to nutrients was examined in three diverse agricultural regions of the United States. Seventy wadeable sites were selected along an agricultural land use gradient while minimizing natural variation within each region. Nutrients, habitat, algae, macroinvertebrates, and macrophyte cover were sampled during a single summer low-flow period in 2006 or 2007. Continuous stream stage and water temperature were collected at each site for 30 days prior to sampling. Wide ranges of concentrations were found for total nitrogen (TN) (0.07-9.61 mg/l) and total phosphorus (TP) (<0.004-0.361 mg/l), but biotic responses including periphytic and sestonic chlorophyll a (RCHL and SCHL, respectively), and percent of stream bed with aquatic macrophyte (AQM) growth were not strongly related to concentrations of TN or TP. Pearson’s coefficient of determination (R²) for nutrients and biotic measures across all sites ranged from 0.08 to 0.32 and generally were not higher within each region. The biotic measures (RCHL, SCHL, and AQM) were combined in an index to evaluate eutrophic status across sites that could have different biotic responses to nutrient enrichment. Stepwise multiple regression identified TN, percent canopy, median riffle depth, and daily percent change in stage as significant factors for the eutrophic index (R² = 0.50, p < 0.001). A TN threshold of 0.48 mg/l was identified where eutrophic index scores became less responsive to increasing TN concentrations, for all sites. Multiple plant growth indicators should be used when evaluating eutrophication, especially when streams contain an abundance of macrophytes.     

农业资源与环境系统优化模式研究——以汉江上游安康地区为例

农业资源与环境是一个相互作用、相互影响的有机系统，安康地区生成农业资源环境的主要特点是：地貌类型多样，以山地为主，山高坡陡，气候条件优越，运用定性与定量相结合的方法，将本区农业资源划分为五大结构类型，据此并遵循功能效益原则，设计出农业资源与环境系统优化的三种模式。     

Sulfate-containing amendments to reduce methane emissions from rice fields: mechanisms,effectiveness and costs

Application of sulfate-containing amendments is oftensuggested as a mitigation option to reduce methane (CH₄) emissionsfrom rice (Oryza) fields. This paper discusses the mechanism andpotential of this mitigation option, reviews the relevant experimental data,and presents first, indicative costs of application. CH₄ emission datafor rice fields with sulfate-containing amendments are compiled toreinterpret the resulting reduction in CH₄ emission and find a generalrelationship between emission reduction and amount of sulfate applied. Thereduction in CH₄ emission depends on the amount of sulfate applied.However, absolute emission reduction is location specific and cannot bederived from the amount of sulfate (SO^2- ₄) applied only. We established alogarithmic relationship, across locations, between SO^2- ₄ application andfractional emission reduction relative to the emission of the non-amendedcontrol field. Recycling of SO^2- ₄ in the rhizosphere was essential to explainthe observed reductions in CH₄ emission for a number of theexperiments. The cost of applying SO^2- _{_4}-containing fertilizers varies acrosscountries and depends on local fertilizer prices. Since a fractional reductionis obtained, the cost-efficiency in terms of CH₄ mitigation per unitof SO^2- ₄ applied will be highest in high-emitting rice production systems.Provided the proper target areas are selected, the cost of SO^2- ₄-containingfertilizer as a mitigation option to reduce CH₄ emissions in rice fieldsis estimated at 5–10 US dollar per Mg CO₂-equivalent.     

影响煤气设施防腐质量的因素分析

分析涂料和涂料的施工方法、施工环境、防腐工艺、施工监理对煤气设施防腐质量的影响。     

Agriculture in the Slovenian Transitional Economy: The Preservation of Genetic Diversity of Plants and Ethical Consequences

Slovene agriculture is going throughdrastic changes. Most of the land is stillowned by small farmers. The production isoriented to the market and is based on modernWestern technology. It is associated withincreasing pollution and is becoming a seriousthreat to biodiversity. Many of the wild plantsare endangered due to genetic erosion withinspecies. The traditional crops and varietiesare being replaced by imported materials andthe use of chemicals has been increasing. Manyof the traditional varieties have beenneglected and/or lost. The existing germplasmcollections are incomplete and frequently donot include traditional varieties. There areonly a few breeding organizations with limitedcapacities and collections. The legislation isnot efficient enough to protect the environmentand biotic diversity. Schools, media,religious, sport, tourist, and otherorganizations should be more active inpromoting the respect for biodiversity.     

Reduction in global habitat loss from fossil-fuel-dependent increases in cropland productivity

Terrestrial biodiversity loss and climate change, driven mainly by loss of habitat to agriculture and fossil fuel (FF) use, respectively, are considered among the world's greatest environmental threats. However, FF-dependent technologies are currently essential for manufacturing synthetic nitrogen fertilizers (SNFs) and synthetic pesticides (SPs) critical to increasing agricultural productivity, which reduces habitat loss. Fossil fuel use increases CO₂ levels, further enhancing agricultural productivity. Based on estimates of global increases in yields from SNFs, SPs, and atmospheric CO₂ fertilization, I estimated that FF-dependent technologies are responsible for at least 62.5% of current global food production (GFP) from cropland. Thus, if FF use is eschewed in the future, maintaining current GFP means croplands would have to increase from 12.2% of global land area (GLA) excluding Antarctica to 32.7%. The additional 20.4% of GLA needed exceeds habitat lost currently to cropland (12.2% of GLA) and cumulative conservation areas globally (14.6% of GLA). Thus, although eliminating FF use could reduce climate change, its unintended consequences may be to significantly exacerbate biodiversity loss and indirectly increase food costs, reducing food security which, moreover, disproportionately affects the poor. Although it may be possible to replace SNFs and SPs with FF-free technologies, such substitutes have not yet been demonstrated to be sufficiently economical or efficient. In the interim, meeting global food demand and keeping food prices affordable would increase habitat conversion and food prices. These trade-offs should be considered in analyses of climate change policies.     

Bioindication-based Estimation of Technogenic Impact on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L. Populations in the Vicinity of a Radioactive Waste Storage Facility

The spectrum and frequency of cytogenetic aberrations in the reproductive (seeds) and vegetative (foliage) organs of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) have been studied in the vicinity of the LSK Radon facility for radioactive waste storage and processing and in a 30-km zone around the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The results indicate that the pine populations of these regions are exposed to mutagenic factors. In contrast to the 30-km Chernobyl zone, the increased environmental mutagenicity in the vicinity of LSK Radon and in the center of the city of Sosnovyi Bor is mainly accounted for by chemical factors. The results of additional acute γ-irradiation have shown an increased radiation resistance of Scotch pine seeds from the LSK Radon and Sosnovyi Bor populations. Regression analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the cytogenetic aberration rate in plants from the experimental plots throughout the study period (1997–2002).__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 275–285.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Geras’kin, Vasil’ev, Dikarev, Udalova, Evseeva, Dikareva, Zimin.     

Quantifying the influence of the cultivated plant species on the occurrence of carabid beetles within certain species using contingency table analysis

The influence of the cultivated plant stand, subject to the timing of sampling, on the occurrence of selected carabid species is investigated for three years running. Due to the nominal character of the factors (cultivar, timing, carabid species and year) we used log-linear models of four dimensional contingency tables under certain hypotheses of independence. A coefficient of contingency is calculated for characterizing the partial association between two factors respectively. The difference in G 2 's between two nested models is used to test if there are differences between the three years concerning the strength of partial association between the number of beetles in the selected species and the cultivar or the sampling time respectively.