我国稻鸭共作生态农业的发展现状与技术展望

综述了目前稻鸭共作技术在我国各地试验研究与示范应用的现状,提出了在今后研究与应用中需要探讨与完善的几个方面,包括:鸭子选用、防护与鸭病防治,水稻栽插方式及配套农机要求,施肥制度与病虫防治,以及稻田生态效应与高效种养模式。     

土肥基础与持续发展农业

论述土肥基础与持续发展农业的基本内涵和特征；从历史的经验教训、片面发展经济的现实、地力监测的情况等方面，论证了土肥基础对持续发展农业的重要性；分析了广东省土肥基础的现状，提出了一系列加强土肥基础的对策：建立健全有关法规、有计划地扩大耕地面积、加强地力建设、改造中低产田和保护耕地环境等．     

Enhancement of Farmland Biodiversity within Set-Aside Land

Abstract:  The efficacy of agricultural set-aside policies for protecting farmland biodiversity is widely debated. Based on a meta-analysis of 127 published studies, we found that land withdrawn from conventional production unequivocally enhances biodiversity in North America and Europe. The number of species of birds, insects, spiders, and plants is 1–1.5 standard deviation units higher on set-aside land, and population densities increase by 0.5–1 standard deviation units. Set-aside land may be especially beneficial for desirable taxa because North American bird species that have exhibited population declines react most positively to set-aside agricultural land. Larger and older plots protect more species and higher densities, and set-aside land is more effective in countries with less-intensive agricultural practices and higher fractions of land removed from production. Although policies specifically designed to protect biodiversity might work even better, current incentives clearly improve the standing of plants and animals in farmland.     

农业高等职业教育成本补偿问题研究

提升农业职业教育水平和提高农业职业院校办学效益,要本着收益原则与承受能力原则相结合、公平原则与效率原则相结合、确实原则与透明度原则相结合.在对农业高等职业教育成本补偿的现状进行了较为充分的分析研究后,建议通过合理确定学费补偿标准、增加国家财政负担份额、利用贷款制、发展教育储蓄、实行订单式培养、积极拓展经费来源等途径来完善农业高等职业教育成本补偿.     

Prospects and Constraints of Desert Agriculture: Lessons from West Omdurman

Sudan is the largest country in Africa with an area of about 2.5 million km²; the country hosts a population of about 31 million people. About two-thirds of the country area is located within arid and semi-arid regions. Recently, especially during the last half of the previous century, these regions were subject to various forms of land degradation. This paper discusses the general prospects and constraints of desert agriculture. It also presents a detailed case study of West Omdurman, which is located in a semi-desert climatic zone. The ambitious plans to utilise the area for agricultural production were initiated because of the relatively fertile soil, availability of water and the proximity of the area to marketing and export centres. The paper discusses the different land use systems experienced in the area, reasons for failure are identified and possible remedies discussed. In addition, constraints facing the proposed West Omdurman Canal Project are also discussed. Finally, the paper reviews the major research findings of Rawakeeb Dryland Research Center with regard to promoting agricultural productivity.     

Natural forest regrowth as a proxy variable for agricultural land abandonment in the Swiss mountains: a spatial statistical model based on geophysical and socio-economic variables

In many European mountain regions, natural forest regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and the related consequences for the environment are issues of increasing concern. We developed a spatial statistical model based on multiple geophysical and socio-economic variables to investigate the pattern of natural forest regrowth in the Swiss mountain area between the 1980s and 1990s. Results show that forest regrowth occurred primarily in areas with low temperature sum, intermediate steepness and soil stoniness as well as close to forest edges and relatively close to roads. Model results suggest that regions with weak labor markets are favored in terms of land abandonment and forest regrowth. We could not find an effect of population change on land abandonment and forest regrowth. Therefore, we conclude that decision makers should consider non-linearities in the pattern of forest regrowth and the fact that labor markets have an effect on land abandonment and forest regrowth when designing measures to prevent agricultural land abandonment and natural forest regrowth in the Swiss mountains.     

大型气候环境实验室综合控制管理系统网络结构设计

开展了大型气候环境实验室综合控制管理系统设计,以满足实验室飞机气候环境试验需求。通过梳理大型气候环境实验室工艺系统组成,分析了试验任务对试验过程控制、试验测试、数据管理、试验监控和试验信息展示等多方面需求,明确了综合控制管理系统功能,进行系统划分。综合运用当下主流的工业自动化过程控制方式,进行了实验室综合管控系统设计。搭建了实验室的综合控制管理系统网络结构,定义了网络通讯方式。该网络结构可作为综合控制管理系统各组成部分开展深化设计依据。     

典型炼化企业温室气体甲烷排放特征

温室气体排放是造成全球变暖和气候恶化的重要根源.甲烷是仅次于二氧化碳的温室气体组分.石油加工过程是潜在的甲烷排放源.本文以我国广西某炼化企业为样本,通过现场采样和离线分析的方法,识别出炼化企业潜在的甲烷排放源,核算了不同排放源的甲烷排放量,分析了炼化企业的甲烷排放特征.研究表明,甲烷是炼化企业排放废气中的重要成分;烟气、污水收集和处理系统、储罐和油品装卸过程等均是重要的甲烷排放源项,其中烟气和储罐对甲烷排放总量贡献占比超过70%;不同源项甲烷排放特征各异,油品装载过程产生废气甲烷浓度最高;污水处理过程废气的甲烷浓度主要受常减压装置污水影响;该炼化企业每万吨原油对应的甲烷排放速率估算值为72.6 kg.     

浅基质层干植草沟运行效果的现场实验

为避免设施出水下渗污染地下水并防止市政管道雨污倒灌进入设施,于上海市区高架路下方建造一座排水管上弯的不透型浅层干植草沟.根据2019年汛期内进、出水量及水质的长期监测,对设施水文及水质控制效果进行评价.结果表明监测期内设施径流总量控制率为39.4%,对初始雨强小于8.0 mm·h~(-1)的降雨具有明显峰值削减效果;设施能有效去除道路径流中总悬浮固体(TSS)、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)和总氮(TN),污染物负荷去除率分别为95.4%、 83.1%、 90.0%和57.7%;设施基质层添加的发酵木屑和排水管上弯的构造可在进水期实现反硝化并在前期无雨期(ADP)维持一定反硝化效果,设施水力负荷(HLR)的增大及无雨期的延长分别影响进水期与无雨期硝酸盐氮(NO~-_3-N)的去除.在基质层饱和渗透速率较高、厚度较浅条件下,设施有效改善了道路径流水质.不透型干植草沟可与市区河道的调蓄容积结合,共同承担起高地下水位地区实现年径流总量与污染负荷控制率的任务.     

基塘系统：研究回顾与展望

基塘系统是一种具有独特创造性的低洼土地利用方式和生态循环农业模式,在中国小农经济时期发挥了重要作用。20世纪50年代以来基塘系统逐渐受到学界重视,并曾引起国内外的广泛关注。当前系统梳理和总结基塘系统研究进展,对我国相关重要农业文化遗产的保护与现代高效生态农业发展具有重要支撑意义。论文基于基塘系统主要公开文献,从基塘系统的概念内涵、起源演变、结构功能、推广应用、动态保护等方面介绍国内外研究进展。资料分析显示：相对太湖流域基塘系统,针对珠江三角洲基塘系统的研究更为丰富;有关太湖流域桑基鱼塘起源的论证还存在分歧;基塘系统的经济功能衰退,其生态服务功能和遗产文化价值研究急需加强;传统基塘农业保护与创新发展还需加强技术、管理、政策等方面研究的支持。未来值得重视的研究方向有：1）加强对基塘系统生态服务功能研究,更全面客观地评估基塘系统的综合效益;2）基于农业文化遗产视角,开展基塘系统的动态保护与适应性管理研究;3）多学科深入研究基塘系统的作用机理,更好地总结与比较太湖流域与珠江三角洲基塘系统结构功能的异同;4）深入论证基塘系统的起源与演变过程,明确它在中国和全球农业史中的重要地位。