基于信息扩散理论的福建省农业水灾风险评估

利用1978—2008年福建省农业水灾受灾和成灾面积数据,以灾情(受灾和成灾)指数反映水灾的影响范围,以成受比(成灾与受灾指数的比值)指数反映水灾影响强度,基于正态信息扩散计算方法对农业水灾进行风险评估,利用发生频次法对评估结果进行检验。结果表明:农业受水灾影响的风险概率随风险指数提高而下降;在相同风险指数下,成受比风险概率>受灾风险概率>成灾风险概率;受灾、 成灾、 成受比的平均风险概率分别为0.448 7、 0.480 0、 0.651 6,水灾对福建农业的影响比较频繁,影响范围和强度比较严重。风险评估结果与实际情况基本相符。     

RELATION BETWEEN FISH COMMUNITIES AND RIPARIAN ZONE CONDITIONS AT TWO SPATIAL SCALES1

ABSTRACT: The relation offish community composition to riparian cover at two spatial scales was compared at 18 streams in the agricultural Minnesota River Basin. The two spatial scales were: (1) local riparian zone (a 200 meter wide buffer extending 2 to 3 kilometers upstream of the sampling reach); and (2) the upstream riparian zone (a 200 m wide buffer on the mainstem and all perennial tributaries upstream of the sampling reach). Analysis of variance indicated that streams with wooded‐local riparian zones had greater fish species richness (means = 20 and 15, respectively) and Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores (means = 40 and 26, respectively) than streams with open‐local riparian zones. Streams with wooded‐upstream riparian zones tended (were not statistically significant) to have greater numbers of species (means = 19 and 15, respectively) and IBI scores (means = 33 and 28, respectively) than streams with open‐upstream riparian zones. There was no significant interaction between the riparian zone conditions at the two scales. This study suggests that maintenance of wooded riparian cover along streams could be effective in maintaining or improving fish community composition in streams draining heavily agricultural areas.     

福建农业发展时段的可持续性分析及其启示

本文引入“狭义”可持续发展的概念,对福建近50年（1952－1998年）人口与粮食的动态变化一时序分析,探讨了福建农业发展的可持续性,最后提出几点建议,以期对福建农业发展有所裨益。     

Effects of Land Use Changes on the Landscape Composition: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

During the last 50 years the practising and intensity of agriculture and forestry have differed considerably between Finnish and Russian Karelia. We studied the effects of different land use practices on the landscape composition in the two countries using the road transect sampling along four study routes (99-121 km) between 1997 and 1999. Effective environmental management in Finland has resulted in more distinct agricultural land types, more even distribution of the different age classes of forests, and the higher abundance of coniferous forests. Fields (mean percentage of the landscape: Finland 28%, Russia 13%), clearcuts and sapling stands (15%, 6%), and young forests (23%, 9%) were more typical elements of the Finnish landscape, whereas settlements (9%, 13%), semi-natural grasslands (3%, 7%), and mature forests (20%, 49%) were more characteristic of the Russian landscape. Landscape-level differences between the two countries may have various effects on the diversity of fauna and flora inhabiting Finnish and Russian Karelia.     

Energy Analysis of Sugarcane Production in Morocco

An energy analysis of sugarcane production in small and large farms was made in Morocco. Total energy expenditures were 64.90 and 47.83 GJ/ha and energy outputs were 100.80 and 85.80 GJ/ha in large and small farms, respectively. The output/input energy ratios were 1.6 and 1.8. The energy intensity lies between 0.7 and 0.8 MJ/kg and is one of the highest among sugarcane producing countries. Irrigation is the most energy consuming operation with about 50% of total energy inputs. Electricity, fertilizers, fuel, and machinery are the main energy inputs. The influence of the different inputs is discussed and practical measures for energy saving and environmental conservation based on energy analysis are discussed.     

1991年皖苏洪涝灾害分析与减灾对策—兼论流域综合治理与现代集约持续农业

本文对1991年淮河和太湖流域的洪涝灾害成因和减灾对策进行了概略分析，指出减灾的重要问题是坚持流域综合治理和区域综合开发战略，并推行现代集约农业的技术路线。     

强还原处理和生物炭对设施蔬菜土壤DOM数量和光谱特征的影响

土壤强还原处理（Reductive Soil Disinfestation,RSD）可以有效地修复设施蔬菜土壤的连作障碍,但实施过程中亦会引起可溶性有机质（Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM）数量和质量的变化.本研究通过培养实验,设置未修复对照（CK）、RSD修复（RSD）、生物炭修复（BC）及RSD与生物炭联合修复（RSD+BC）4个处理,对比研究不同修复处理对土壤DOM含量和光谱特征的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,RSD、BC和RSD+BC修复后土壤的DOC含量分别增加了142.9%、24.6%和127.0%;相较于RSD处理,RSD+BC处理的DOC含量显著降低（p<0.05）.土壤DOM组分以类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质为主,RSD处理增加了类腐殖酸组分,而RSD+BC处理更有利于类富里酸物质的增加.RSD、BC及二者联合修复显著增强了土壤DOM的芳香化和腐殖化程度.结构方程模型分析表明,土壤pH对DOC含量和腐殖化指数（HIX_em）产生直接正效应,土壤氧化还原电位（E_h）对DOC含量具有直接负效应,pH亦可通过影响DOC含量间接影响微生物量碳（MBC）和荧光指数（FI）.     

湖南观光休闲农业旅游资源及其开发研究

湖南作为内陆农业大省和旅游资源大省，具有独特的“潇湘”自然生态环境本底，丰富多彩的乡村景观资源，较为优越的区位交通条件，发展观光休闲农业具有得天独厚的优势和潜力、但在开发观光休闲农业旅游资源时，应坚持市场导向，准确定位；突出乡土特色，提升文化品位；加强对乡村景观资源及其环境的保护，走可持续发展之路。     

上海浦东垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰性质研究

研究了上海浦东新区垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气净化系统飞灰的物理和化学性质 .结果表明 :飞灰为含水率很低的灰色粉末 ,主要由Si,Al,Ca,Na ,K ,Mg ,Fe ,C和S组成 .飞灰中Pb的浸出浓度高于危险废物鉴别标准 ,为危险废物 .矿物组成主要为SiO2 ,Al2 SiO5,Na Cl,KCl,CaAl2 Si2 O8,Zn2 SiO4,CaCO3和CaSO4等 ;溶解盐含量高达 1 7 9%— 2 2 1 % ,酸中和能力约为 3 0meq·g- 1 — 6 0meq·g- 1 ,对环境pH变化的抵抗能力强 .     

Scale dependency in effectiveness,isolation, and social‐ecological spillover of protected areas

Protected areas are considered vital for the conservation of biodiversity. Given their central role in many conservation strategies, it is important to know whether they adequately protect biodiversity within their boundaries; whether they are becoming more isolated from other natural areas over time; and whether they play a role in facilitating or reducing land‐cover change in their surroundings. We used matching methods and national and local analyses of land‐cover change to evaluate the combined effectiveness (i.e., avoided natural‐cover loss), isolation (i.e., changes in adjacent areas), and spillover effects (i.e., impacts on adjacent areas) of 19 national parks in South Africa from 2000 to 2009. All parks had either similar or lower rates of natural‐cover loss than matched control samples. On a national level, mean net loss of natural cover and mean net gain of cultivation cover decreased with distance from park boundary, but there was considerable variation in trends around individual parks, providing evidence for both increased isolation and buffering of protected areas. Fourteen parks had significant positive spillover and reduced natural‐cover loss in their surroundings, whereas five parks experienced elevated levels of natural‐cover loss. Conclusions about social‐ecological spillover effects from protected areas depended heavily on the measures of land‐cover change used and the scale at which the results were aggregated. Our findings emphasize the need for high‐resolution data when assessing spatially explicit phenomena such as land‐cover change and challenge the usefulness of large‐scale (coarse grain, broad extent) studies for understanding social‐ecological dynamics around protected areas.