固体纤维素类废物作为反硝化碳源滤料的比选

以棉花、稻草、稻壳、玉米芯这4种农业废弃物作为反硝化碳源和微生物载体,通过对静态释碳数量和质量、长期脱氮效果以及生物附着性能等方面的比较,旨在优选出适于再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的固体纤维素碳源滤料.结果表明,玉米芯初期可溶性有机物较多,易于微生物的附着和繁殖生长;且比其它3种碳源表现出更好的长期反硝化效果,2.5 g玉米芯在46 d累计去除了284.544 g的硝氮;棉花、稻草前期处理效果较好,但长期反硝化能力不如玉米芯;稻壳的处理效果最差,几乎不能被微生物有效利用.因此,玉米芯更适用于再生水反硝化深度脱氮滤池的碳源滤料.     

抽水蓄能电站防高坠安全防护设施研究

抽水蓄能电站运行及检修期间存在大量高处作业,而通过技术改造进行高坠防护,既增加电站运营成本,同时也给运行及检修造成一定影响。为此,通过对已投入运行和正在建设的抽水蓄能电站存在的高处作业情况的调研与分析,围绕施工期高坠风险控制,系统研究抽水蓄能电站运行及检修作业防高坠设施的设置技术与方法,最终编制《抽水蓄能电站防高坠安全防护设施设置图集》和《抽水蓄能电站防高坠安全防护设施设计报告》,研究成果可用于指导新建电站工程建设和已建电厂的相关技术改造。     

都市现代农业的环境影响及其治理——以成都市为例

以高投入、高消耗、高产出和高排放为特征的都市现代农业,对环境具有更大、更直接的影响,但只要选择恰当的模式,都市现代农业能够与环境实现协调发展。本文总结了成都市几种环境友好型现代农业发展模式,提出了促进环境与现代农业进一步协调的途径与对策,对全国的都市农业的发展有参考价值。     

胶州市农村生态环境保护的对策及建议

在对胶州市农村生态环境保护工作进行调查研究的基础上,分析了胶州市农村生态环境保护现状和污染来源,以及农村环保工作存在的环境意识差、管理混乱、环境治理资金不足等主要问题。同时结合胶州农村生态环境保护现状,提出了编制农村生态规划、加强基础设施建设、建设生态农业、实行农业清洁生产等解决胶州市农村生态环境保护工作的对策和建议。     

我国集约农业的持续化之路

20世纪70年代以来,国际上先后出现了自然生态农业思潮和可持续农业思潮,引起了我国学术界的广泛讨论与研究。根据河北省景县生产的实际情况,并结合麦玉两熟、水肥耦合试验结果,阐明了中国既不能走"单纯水资源保护型"农业之路,又不能走"单纯防止水资源污染型"农业之路,必须坚定不移地走集约可持续农业之路。     

Mason Valley Groundwater Model: Linking Surface Water and Groundwater in the Walker River Basin,Nevada1

Carroll, Rosemary W.H., Greg Pohll, David McGraw, Chris Garner, Anna Knust, Doug Boyle, Tim Minor, Scott Bassett, and Karl Pohlmann, 2010. Mason Valley Groundwater Model: Linking Surface Water and Groundwater in the Walker River Basin, Nevada. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):554-573. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00434.x Abstract: An integrated surface water and groundwater model of Mason Valley, Nevada is constructed to replicate the movement of water throughout the different components of the demand side of water resources in the Walker River system. The Mason Valley groundwater surface water model (MVGSM) couples the river/drain network with agricultural demand areas and the groundwater system using MODFLOW, MODFLOW’s streamflow routing package, as well as a surface water linking algorithm developed for the project. The MVGSM is capable of simulating complex feedback mechanisms between the groundwater and surface water system that is not dependent on linearity among the related variables. The spatial scale captures important hydrologic components while the monthly stress periods allow for seasonal evaluation. A simulation spanning an 11-year record shows the methodology is robust under diverse climatic conditions. The basin-wide modeling approach predicts a river system generally gaining during the summer irrigation period but losing during winter months and extended periods of drought. River losses to the groundwater system approach 25% of the river’s annual budget. Reducing diversions to hydrologic response units will increase river flows exiting the model domain, but also has the potential to increase losses from the river to groundwater storage.     

A role-playing game as a tool to facilitate social learning and collective action towards Climate Smart Agriculture: Lessons learned from Apuí, Brazil

Addressing the global challenges of climate change (CC), food security and poverty alleviation requires enhancing the adaptive capacity and mitigation potential of land use systems. To this end, Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) aims to identify land use practices that sustainably increase productivity, enhance climate change (CC) adaptation and contribute to CC mitigation. A transition towards CSA requires technical, but also socio-institutional changes, for improved smallholder agricultural systems. Such changes may be triggered by stakeholder participation processes that stimulate social learning and collective action. This article evaluates whether a role-playing game (RPG) is an effective participatory tool to encourage social learning and collective action among local stakeholders towards adoption of CSA strategies. We designed and implemented an RPG with three groups of farmers in Apuí (Southern Amazonas), evaluating the game’s impact on social learning by interviewing each farmer before and after the RPG. Our findings show that the RPG induced not only technical learning, but also socio-institutional learning and engagement for collective action, though outcomes varied between different RPG sessions and among farmer participants.     

论窖灌农业中水窖的配置模式与窖水高效利用技术

针对黄土高原蓬勃发展的窖灌农业 ,提出3种水窖配置模式 :峁顶光头式 ;路旁葡萄串式和场、院、凹地单点式。为了高效利用水窖集蓄的雨水资源 ,文中推荐自压微灌、外动力加压微灌、坑灌和水肥穴灌等4种窖水高效利用技术。     

Political transition and emergent forest‐conservation issues in Myanmar

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long‐running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon‐scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land‐tenure insecurity, large‐scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure‐ and energy‐project planning, and reforming land‐tenure and environmental‐protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions.     

Parcels versus pixels: modeling agricultural land use across broad geographic regions using parcel-based field boundaries

Land use and land cover (LULC) change occurs at a local level within contiguous ownership and management units (parcels), yet LULC models primarily use pixel-based spatial frameworks. The few parcel-based models being used overwhelmingly focus on small geographic areas, limiting the ability to assess LULC change impacts at regional to national scales. We developed a modified version of the Forecasting Scenarios of land use change model to project parcel-based agricultural change across a large region in the United States Great Plains. A scenario representing an agricultural biofuel scenario was modeled from 2012 to 2030, using real parcel boundaries based on contiguous ownership and land management units. The resulting LULC projection provides a vastly improved representation of landscape pattern over existing pixel-based models, while simultaneously providing an unprecedented combination of thematic detail and broad geographic extent. The conceptual approach is practical and scalable, with potential use for national-scale projections.