CSTR和MBR反应器的短程硝化快速启动

为实现短程硝化的快速启动,采用完全混合反应器(CSTR)和膜生物反应器(MBR)进行短程硝化启动性能对比研究,考察两个反应器在启动时间、氮素转化和污泥性能3个方面的差异.结果表明在进水C/N=1,温度为30℃±1℃,pH为7.5~8.0,DO为0.6~1.0 mg·L~(-1),结合缺氧/好氧比为1∶3(15 min∶45 min)和缩短HRT,CSTR和MBR分别运行56 d和44 d成功启动短程硝化,MBR启动周期较短.运行至第14 d、第28 d和第56 d时,CSTR和MBR亚硝累积率平均为51%、66%、89%和50%、71%、93%,硝酸盐氮生成速率(以NO_3~--N/MLVSS计)依次为7.4、4.0、1.7和7.6、3.5、1.0 mg·(g·h)~(-1),MBR在第28 d和第56 d表现出较高的亚硝累积率和较低的NO_3~--N产率,有利于短程硝化的快速启动.整个运行过程中,两个反应器内的亚硝化污泥均呈黄色,SVI在55~110 mL·g~(-1),MLVSS/MLSS稳定在0.6~0.8左右,良好的污泥性能为CSTR和MBR短程硝化的快速启动创造了有利条件.MBR在短程硝化快速启动中展现出更明显的优势.     

环丙沙星对膜生物反应器中微生物群落及抗性基因的影响

用膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)处理含环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CIP)的合成废水,考察了不同CIP进水浓度(0、5、10、15 mg·L-1)下MBR的微生物群落特征和抗性基因丰度的变化.结果表明,随着进水中CIP浓度从0 mg·L-1增加至15 mg·L-1,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)仍保持为优势菌门,相对丰度比例分别为57.5%和12.7%;红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)、Chitinophagaceae和丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)被选择成为优势菌科,比例分别为29.96%、5.44%和6.60%;Methyloversatilis、Ferruginibacter、动胶菌属(Zoogloea)和丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)被选择成为优势菌属,比例分别为21.70%、7.56%、5.24%和4.15%;Chao1、ACE、Shannon指数逐渐降低和Simpson指数逐渐升高,表明MBR污泥中微生物丰富度和多样性均降低;亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)、硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)、产碱菌属(Alcaligenes)和硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)相对丰度减少,使得氨氮去除率降低.CIP抗性基因(CIP-ARGs)分析表明,当MBR在CIP投加浓度为5 mg·L-1下运行至第33 d时,反应器中的gyr A、gyr B和par C基因相对丰度较CIP投加初期增加,加大了抗药风险.     

浅谈我国垃圾渗滤液的处理

总结了我国垃圾渗滤液的特点,针对这些特点,分析了适合我国国情的垃圾渗滤液处理推荐技术的优缺点,指出了在处理不同地区、不同垃圾渗滤液时,必须具体情况具体分析,不可盲目照搬“成熟”工艺。     

3D model for a secondary facultative pond

This paper describes a comprehensive model of wastewater treatment in secondary facultative ponds, which combines 3D hydrodynamics with a mechanistic water quality model. The hydrodynamics are based on the Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible fluids under shallow water and Boussinesq assumptions capturing the flow dynamics along length, breadth and depth of the pond. The water quality sub model is based on the Activated Sludge Model (ASM) concept, describing COD and nutrient removal as function of bacterial growth following Monod kinetics, except for Escherichia coli removal, which was modelled as first order decay. The model was implemented in the Delft3D software and was used to evaluate the effect of wind and the addition of baffles on the water flow pattern, temperature profiles in the pond and treatment efficiency. In contrast to earlier models reported in the literature, our simulation results did not show any significant improvement in COD removal (based on the ASM concept) with addition of baffles or under intermittent wind-induced mixing. However, E. coli removal efficiency, based on a first order decay approach, showed a fair improvement in the presence of baffles or intermittent wind-induced mixing. Furthermore, simulations with continuous wind effect showed a decrease in removal efficiency for COD but a further increase in E. coli removal efficiency. Such contrasting results for two different approaches in modelling could indicate that the first order decay concept might not be appropriate to describe all the interactions between biochemical processes in a pond. However, these interpretations remain theoretical, as the model needs validation with field data.     

膜生物反应器处理甲苯废气的挂膜实验

采用假单胞菌在硅橡胶复合膜生物反应器上进行甲苯废气降解的挂膜启动实验,研究膜生物反应器挂膜启动特性,对挂膜启动过程中循环液吸光度、压力损失、甲苯降解效率和生物膜干重的变化进行考察,并观察挂膜稳定后的生物膜形态.结果表明:挂膜过程主要由生物膜成膜期(0~5 d)、生长期(6~10 d)、稳定期(11~14 d)3个阶段组成.循环液吸光度、反应器内液相压力损失、甲苯降解效率和生物膜干重等参数在成膜期都快速增加;进入膜生长期,循环液吸光度略微下降,而生物膜干重、压力损失和甲苯降解效率都继续增大;在稳定期各参数均趋于相对稳定,稳定后循环液吸光度维持在0.75左右,液相压力损失达到了180 Pa,甲苯降解效率维持在78%以上,生物膜干重为2.25 mg/cm2.试验表明,对循环液吸光度、液相压力损失、甲苯降解效率和生物膜干重等参数的综合分析,可作为膜生物反应器挂膜启动进程的判据.图9参15     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术及示范工程研究

对我国垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理现状进行阐述和分析：以膜生物反应器（MBR）＋纳滤（NF）处理技术为例,选取常州夹山垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程作为示范点．重点介绍该处理技术的实际工程远行情况,示范工程渗滤液出水水质达到GB 16889—1997《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》的一级标准,运行费用（含折旧）为19．55元／m^3,具有良好的技术经济优势和推广价值。     

Evaluation of factors influencing soluble microbial product in submerged MBR through hybrid ASM model

In this study, a mathematical model was established to predict the formation of the soluble microbial product (SMP) in a submerged membrane bioreactor. The developed model was calibrated under the reference condition. Simulation results were in good agreement with the measured results under the reference condition. The calibrated model was then used in the scenario studies to evaluate the effect of three chosen operating parameters: hydraulic retention time (HRT), dissolved oxygen concentration, and sludge retention time (SRT). Simulation results revealed that the SMP dominated the soluble organic substances in the supernatant. The scenario studies also revealed that the HRT can be decreased to 1 h without deteriorating the effluent quality; dissolved oxygen concentration in the reactor can be kept at 2–3 mg/L to maintain the effluent quality, reduce the content of SMP, and minimize operating costs; the optimal SRT can be controlled to 10–15 d to achieve complete nitrification process, less membrane fouling potential, and acceptable organic removal efficiency.     

O_3-MBR法深度处理煤气废水

以经多级生物处理后的煤气废水为原水,采用O3-MBR组合工艺对其进行深度处理,以满足回用要求.结果表明:采用臭氧氧化工艺,当废水pH为11和臭氧投加量〔ρ(臭氧)〕为189.2mg/L时,CODCr和色度的去除率分别为46.5%和80.2%,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(CODCr)由0.02升至0.29,废水的可生化性得到明显改善;臭氧氧化工艺出水再通过MBR作进一步处理,CODCr,NH3-N和色度的去除率分别达23.0%,76.3%和70.0%,且出水水质稳定;总体上,废水经O3-MBR组合工艺处理,CODCr,NH3-N,色度和浊度的平均总去除率分别达到58.7%,76.3%,88.6%和95.1%;处理后出水的ρ(CODCr)50mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)5mg/L,浊度0.2NTU,色度约为30度,出水水质满足生产工艺回用的要求.     

高密度微阵列基因芯片技术在微生物分子生态学研究中的运用

应用基于16S rDNA 的高密度微阵列基因芯片(Microarray)技术对膜生物反应器内的微生物多样性进行研究.结果表明,膜生物反应器具有较高的微生物多样性,Microarray共检测到1 019种微生物.Proteobacteria是其中的优势种,共含有657种微生物,占总种群数量的64.5%左右.gamma Proteobacteria是Proteobacteria中的优势种,占35.8%左右,但相对含量一般并不高.beta Proteobacteria虽然种群数量稍少,但其在荧光强度最高的前25种和50种微生物中比重最大,分别占40%和36%左右.通过比较微生物的相对荧光强度,发现Clostridia是系统中的优势微生物种属.一些常见的硝化细菌如Nitrosomonadaceae、Nitrospiraceae等也具有较高的含量.Microarray作为一种实时、高效、准确的分子生物学手段,可应用于废水处理中的微生物多样性研究.     

纤维乙醇黑液处理

采用微电解＋厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）＋上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）＋膜生物反应器（MBR）组合工艺对纤维乙醇黑液进行处理。结果表明：当黑液中COD质量浓度在12000mg／L左右,该组合工艺中厌氧停留时间（HRT）为48h时,厌氧COD去除率达到72％,MBR中的HRT为20h时,COD的去除率在80．8％～87．5％之间,出水COD质量浓度稳定在301～537mg／L．且MBR抗冲击负荷能力较强。